See also:

• SAMUEL

SAMUEL RAWSON See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• SAMUEL RAWSON GARDINER (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

GARDINER (1829–1902)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English historian, son of Rawson Boddam See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born near Alresford, Hants, on the 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1829 . He was educated at See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester and See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he obtained a first class in literae humaniores . He was subsequently elected to fellowships at All Souls (1884) and Merton (1892) . For some years he was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history at See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• LONDON

London, and devoted his See also:

• LIFE

life to See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WORK

work . He is the historian of the Puritan revolution, and has written its history in a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of volumes, originally published under different titles, beginning with the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I.; the seventeenth (the third See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the History of the See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth and See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate) appeared in 19o1 . This was completed in two volumes by C . H . See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth as The Last Years of the Protectorate (1909) . The series is History of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England from the Accession of James I. to the Outbreak of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, 1603–1642 (10 vols.); History of the See also:

• GREAT

Great Civil War, 1642–1649 (4 vols.); and History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-166o . His treatment is exhaustive and philosophical, taking in, along with See also:

• POLITICAL

political and constitutional history, the changes in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, thought and sentiment during his See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, their causes and their tendencies . Of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original authorities on which his work is founded many of great value exist only in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, and his researches in public and private collections of See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and in the archives of See also:

• SIMANCAS

Simancas, See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, were indefatigable and fruitful . His accuracy is universally acknowledged .

He was perhaps See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to the Puritan period by the fact of his descent from See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell and See also:

• IRETON, HENRY (161I–1651)

Ireton, but he has certainly written of it with no other purpose than to set forth the truth . In his judgments of men. and their actions he is unbiassed, and his appreciations of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character exhibit a remarkable fineness of See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception and a broad sympathy . Among many proofs of these qualities it will be enough to refer to what he says of the characters of James I., See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud, See also:

• STRAFFORD, EARLS OF
• STRAFFORD, THOMAS WENTWORTH, EARL

Strafford and Cromwell . On constitutional matters he writes with an insight to be attained only by the study of political See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, discussing in a masterly See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion the dreams of idealists and the schemes of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government proposed by statesmen . Throughout his work he gives a prominent See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to everything which illustrates human progress in moral and religious, as well as political conceptions, and specially to the rise and development of the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of religious See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration, finding his authorities not only in the words and actions of men of See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, but in the writings of more or less obscure pamphleteers, whose essays indicate currents in the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . His See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the relations between England and other states proves his thorough knowledge of contemporary See also:

• EUROPEAN

European history, and is rendered specially valuable by his researches among manuscript See also:

• SOURCES

sources which have enabled him to expound for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time some intricate pieces of See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy . Gardiner's work is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute; the fifty-seven years which it covers are a period of exceptional importance in many directions, and the actions and characters of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal persons in it demand careful See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis . He is perhaps See also:

• APT

apt to attach an exaggerated importance to some of the authorities which he was the first to bring to See also:

• LIGHT

light, to see a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general tendency in what may only be the expression of an individual eccentricity, to rely too much on ambassadors' reports which may have been written for some See also:

• SPECIAL

special end, to enter too fully into the details of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence . In any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the length of his work is not the result of verbiage or repetitions . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is clear, absolutely unadorned, and somewhat lacking in force; he appeals constantly to the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect rather than to the emotions, and is seldom picturesque, though in describing a few famous scenes, such as the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I., he writes with pathos and dignity . The minuteness of his narrative detracts from its See also:

• INTEREST

interest; though his arrangement is generally See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, here and there the reader finds the See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of a subject broken by the intrusion of incidents not immediately connected with it, and does not pick it up again without an effort . And Gardiner has the defects of his supreme qualities, of his fairness and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical ability as a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of character; his work lacks See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm, and leaves the reader See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and unmoved .

Yet, apart from its See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling excellence, it is not withoutbeauties, for it is marked by loftiness of thought, a love of purity and truth, and refinement in See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and feeling . He wrote other books, mostly on the same period, but his great history is that by which his name will live . It is a worthy result of a life of unremitting labour, a splendid See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of historical scholarship . His position as an historian was formally acknowledged: in 1862 he was given a civil See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £150 per annum, " in recognition of his valuable contributions to the history of England "; he was honorary D.C.L. of Oxford, LL.D. of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, and Ph.D. of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, and honorary student of Christ Church, Oxford; and in 1894 he declined the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of regius professor of modern history at Oxford, lest its duties should interfere with the accomplishment of his history . He died on the 24th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1902 . Among the more noteworthy of Gardiner's See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• WORKS

works are: See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Charles and the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage (2 vols., London, 1869) ; Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution, 1625–166o (1st ed., Oxford, 1889; 2nd ed., Oxford, 1899) ; See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver Cromwell (London, 1901) ; What See also:

• GUNPOWDER

Gunpowder See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

Plot was (London, 1897) ; Outline of English History (1st ed., London, 1887; 2nd ed., London, 1896); and Student's History of England (2 vols., 1st ed., London, 189o–1891; 2nd ed., London, 1891–1892) . He edited collections of papers for the See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden Society, and from 1891 was editor of the English Historical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review . (W .