See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES ABRAM See also:

• JAMES ABRAM GARFIELD (1831-1881)

GARFIELD (1831-1881)  , twentieth See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1831 in a See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log See also:

• CABIN

cabin in the little frontier See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange, Cuyahoga See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio . His See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years were spent in the performanceof such labour as See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of every See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer's son in the new states, and in the acquisition of such See also:

• EDUCATION

education as could be had in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools held for a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks each See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . But See also:

• LIFE

life on a See also:

• FARM

farm was not to his liking, and at sixteen he See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and set off to make a living in some other way . A See also:

• BOOK

book of stories of See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure on the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, which he read over and over again when a boy, had filled him with a longing for a seafaring life . He decided, therefore, to become a sailor, and, in 1848, tramping across the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland, Ohio, he sought employment from the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of a See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake See also:

• SCHOONER

schooner . But the captain drove him from the See also:

• DECK

deck, and, wandering on in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of See also:

• WORK

work, he fell in with a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal boatman who engaged him . During some months See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (1831-1881)

Garfield served as bowsman, deck-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver of a canal See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat . An attack of the See also:

• AGUE (from Lat. acuta, sharp; sc. febris, fever)

ague sent him home, and on recovery, having resolved to attend a high school and See also:

• FIT

fit himself to become a teacher, he passed the next four years in a hard struggle with poverty and in an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest effort to secure an education, studying for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the Geauga See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary at See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, Ohio . He worked as a teacher, a See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter and a farmer; studied for a time at the Western Reserve Eclectic See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute at Hiram, Ohio, which afterward became Hiram See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, and finally entered See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams College . On See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation, in 1856, Garfield became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and literature in the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and within a See also:

• YEAR

year had risen to the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the institution . Soon afterwards he entered See also:

• POLITICAL

political life . In the early days of the Republican party, when the shameful scenes of the See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas struggle were exciting the whole country, and during the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of 1857 and 1858, he became known as an effective See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker and ardent See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man .

His See also:

• REWARD

reward for his services was See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election in 1859 to the Ohio See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate as the member from See also:

• PORTAGE

Portage and See also:

• SUMMIT

Summit counties . When the " See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton states " seceded, Garfield appeared as a warm supporter of vigorous See also:

• MEASURES

measures . He was one of the six Ohio senators who voted against the proposed See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment to the Federal Constitution (Feb . 28th, 1861) forbidding any constitutional amendment which should give See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to abolish or interfere with slavery in any See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state; he upheld the right of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to coerce seceded states; defended the " Million See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War See also:

• BILL

Bill " appropriating a million dollars for the state's military expenses; and when the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call came for 75,000 troops, he moved that Ohio furnish 20,000 soldiers and three millions of dollars as her See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share . He had just been admitted to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, but on the outbreak of war he at once offered his services to the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, and became See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel and then colonel of the 42nd Ohio See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

Volunteers, recruited largely from among his former students . He served in See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, was promoted to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of brigadier-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of volunteers early in 1862; took See also:

• PART

part in the second See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day's fighting at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• SHILOH
• SHILOH, BATTLE OF

Shiloh, served as See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff under See also:

• ROSECRANS, WILLIAM STARKE (1819-1898)

Rosecrans in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army of the See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland in 1863, fought at Chickamauga, and was made a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-general of volunteers for gallantry in that battle . In 1862 he was elected a member of Congress from the See also:

• ASHTABULA

Ashtabula district of Ohio, and, resigning his military See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, took his seat in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Representatives in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1863 . In Congress he joined the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical wing of the Republican party, advocated the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of Confederate See also:

• PROPERTY

property,. approved and defended the See also:

• WADE (or WAAD), SIR WILLIAM (1546-1623)
• WADE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1800-1878)
• WADE, GEORGE (1673-1748)
• WADE, SIR THOMAS FRANCIS (1818-1895)
• WADE, THOMAS (18o5-1875)

Wade-See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis manifesto denouncing the tameness of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, and was soon recognized as a hard worker and ready speaker . Capacity for work brought him places on important committees—he was chairman successively of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee on military affairs, the committee on banking and currency, and the committee on appropriations,—and his ability as a speaker enabled him to achieve distinction on the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of the House and to rise to leadership . Between 1863 and 1873 Garfield delivered speeches of importance on " The Constitutional Amendment to abolish Slavery," " The Freedman's See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau," " The Reconstruction of the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

Rebel States," " The Public See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

Debt and Specie Payments," " Reconstruction," " The Currency," " See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

Taxation of United States Bonds," " Enforcing the 14th Amendment," " See also:

• NATIONAL

National Aid to Education," and " the Right to Originate See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

Revenue Bills." The year 1874 was one of disaster to the Republican party . The greenback issue, the troubles growing out of reconstruction in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South, the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

Credit Mobilier and the " See also:

• SALARY

Salary Grab," disgusted thousands of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent voters and sent a See also:

• WAVE

wave of See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy over the country . Garfield himself was accused of corruption in connexion with the Credit Mobilier See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal, but the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge was never proved .

A Republican See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention in his district demanded his resignation, and re-election seemed impossible; but he defended himself in two See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets, " Increase of Salaries " and " See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review of the Transactions of the Credit Mobilier See also:

• COMPANY

Company," made a See also:

• VILLAGE

village-to-village See also:

• CANVASS (an older spelling of " canvas ")

canvass, and was victorious . In 1876 Garfield for the eighth time was chosen to represent his district; and afterwards as one of the two representatives of the Republicans in the House, he was a member of the Electoral Commission which decided the dispute regarding the presidential election of 1876 . When, in 1877, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James G . See also:

• BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE (1830-1893)

Blaine was made a senator from See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, the leadership of the House of Representatives passed to Garfield, and he became the Republican See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for speaker . But the Democrats had a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the House, and he was defeated . See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes, the new president, having chosen See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• SHERMAN
• SHERMAN, JOHN (x823-1900)
• SHERMAN, ROGER (1721–1793)

Sherman to be his secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, an effort was made to send Garfield to the United States Senate in Sherman's See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . But the president needed his services in the House, and he was not elected to the Senate until 1880 . The time had now come (188o) when the Republican party must nominate a candidate for the presidency . General See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant had served two terms (1869-1877), and the unwritten See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom condemned his being given another . But the " bosses " of the Republican party in three See also:

• GREAT

great States—New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois—were determined that he should be renominated . These men and their followers were known as the " stalwarts." Opposed to them were two other factions, one supporting James G . Blaine, of Maine, and the other John Sherman, of Ohio .

When the convention met and the balloting began, the contest along these factional lines started in earnest . For eight-and-twenty ballots no See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of any consequence was noticeable . Though votes were often See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast for ten names, there were but two real candidates before the convention, Grant and Blaine . That the partisans of neither would yield in favour of the other was certain . That the choice therefore rested with the supporters of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor candidates was See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest, and with the cry " Anything to See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat Grant ! " an effort was made to find some man on whom the opposition could unite . Such a man was Garfield . His See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TERM

term of service in the House, his See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader-See also:

• SHIP

ship of his party on its floor, his candidacy for the speakership, and his See also:

• RECENT

recent election to the United States Senate, marked him out as the available man . Between the casting of the first and the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-third See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot, Garfield, who was the leader of Sherman's adherents in the convention, had sometimes received one or two votes and at other times none . On the thirty-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth he received seventeen, on the next fifty, and on the next almost the entire See also:

• VOTE

vote hitherto cast for Blaine and Sherman, and was declared nominated . During the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign Garfield was subject to violent See also:

• PERSONAL

personal abuse; the fact that he was alleged to have received $329 from the Credit Mobilier as a See also:

• DIVIDEND (Lat. dividendum, a thing to be divided)

dividend on stock led his opponents to raise the campaign cry of " 329," and this number was placarded in the streets of the cities and printed in flaring type in See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers . The forged " Morey See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter," in which he was made to appear as opposed to the exclusion of the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, was widely circulated and injured his candidacy in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West .

That the charges against Garfield were not generally credited, however, is shown by the fact that he received 214 electoral votes to his opponent's 155 . He was inaugurated on the 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1881 . Unfortunately, the new president was unequal to the task of composing the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in his party . For his secretary of state he See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose James G . Blaine, the bitterest political enemy of Senator See also:

• ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753—1831)

Roscoe See also:

• CONKLING, ROSCOE (1829-1888)

Conkling (q.v.) the leader of the New York " stalwarts." Without consulting the New York senators, Garfield appointed See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William H . See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson, another political enemy of Conkling's, to the desirable See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• COLLECTOR

Collector of the See also:

• PORT

Port of New York, and thereby destroyed all prospects of party See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony . On the 2nd of See also:

• JULY

July, while on his way to attend the commencement exercises at Williams College, the new president was shot in a See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington railway station by a disappointed See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office-seeker named See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles J . Guiteau, whose mind had no doubt been somewhat influenced by the abuse lavished upon the president by his party opponents; and on the 19th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1881, he died at Elberon, New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, whither he had been removed on the 6th . He was buried in Cleveland, Ohio, where in 1890 a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument was erected by popular subscription to his memory . In 1858 Garfield had married See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• LUCRETIA

Lucretia See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph, by whom he had seven See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . His son, HARRY See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

AUGUSTUS GARFIELD (b . 1863) graduated at Williams College in 1885, practised law in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1888-1903, was professor of politics at See also:

• PRINCETON

Princeton University in 1903-1908, and in 1908 became president of Williams College .

Another son, JAMES RUDOLPH GARFIELD (b . 1865), also graduated at Williams College in 1885 and practised law in Cleveland; he was a Republican member of the Ohio Senate in 1896-1899, was See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of corporations, See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce and Labour, in 1903-1907, attracting wide See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention by his reports on certain large See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial organizations, and was secretary of the interior (1907-1909) in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of President See also:

• ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (1858— )

Roosevelt . President Garfield's writings, edited by See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke A . Hinsdale, were published at See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, in two volumes, in 1882 . U . B . McM.) GAR-See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

FISH, the name given to a genus of fishes (Belone) found in nearly all the temperate and tropical seas, and readily recognized by their long, slender, compressed and silvery See also:

• BODY

body, and by their jaws being produced into a long, pointed, bony and sharply-toothed See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak . About fifty See also:

• SPECIES

species are known from different parts of the globe, some attaining to a length of 4 or 5 ft . One species is See also:

• COMMON

common on the See also:

• BRITISH

British coasts, and is well known by the names of " long-See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose," "See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green-See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone," &c . The last name is given to those fishes on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar green See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of their bones, which deters many See also:

• PEOPLE

people from eating them, although their flesh is well flavoured and perfectly wholesome . The skipper (Scomberesox) and See also:

• HALF

half-beak (Hemirhamphus), in which the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw only is prolonged, are fishes nearly akin to the gar-pikes .