GIUSEPPE See also:

• GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI (1807-1882)

GARIBALDI (1807-1882)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian patriot, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NICE

Nice on the 4th of See also:

• JULY

July 18o7 . As a youth he fled from See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape a clerical See also:

• EDUCATION

education, but afterwards joined his See also:

• FATHER

father in the See also:

• COASTING

coasting See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . After joining the " Giovine Italia " he entered the Sardinian See also:

• NAVY

navy, and, with a number of companions on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate " Euridice," plotted to seize the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel and occupy the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa at the moment when Mazzini's See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy expedition should enter See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont . The See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot being discovered, See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi fled, but was condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death by See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1834 . Escaping to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America in 1836, he was given letters of marque by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Rio Grande do Sul, which had revolted against See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . After a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of victorious engagements he was taken prisoner and subjected to severe See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture, which dislocated his limbs . Regaining See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, he renewed the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against Brazil, and took See also:

• PORTO

Porto See also:

• ALLEGRO (an Italian word, meaning " cheerful," as in Milton's poem)

Allegro . During the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign he met his wife, Anita, who became his inseparable See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion and See also:

• MOTHER

mother of three See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, Anita, Ricciotti and Menotti . Passing into the service of See also:

• URUGUAY (officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, and long locally called the Banda Oriental, meaning the land on the eastern side of the river Uruguay, from which the country takes its name)

Uruguay, he was sent to See also:

• CORRIENTES
• CORRIENTES (San Juan de Corrientes)

Corrientes with a small flotilla to oppose See also:

• ROSAS, JUAN MANUEL (1793-1877)

Rosas's forces, but was overtaken by See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown, against whose See also:

• FLEET

fleet he fought for three days . When his See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition was exhausted he burned his See also:

• SHIPS

ships and escaped . Returning to See also:

• MONTEVIDEO, SAN FELIPE Y SANTIAGO DE

Montevideo, he formed the Italian See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion, with which he won the battles of Cerro and Sant' See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1846, and assured the freedom of Uruguay . Refusing all honours and recompense, he prepared to return to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy upon receiving See also:

• NEWS

news of the incipient revolutionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement .

"In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1847 he wrote to See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX., offering his services to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, whose cause he for a moment believed to be that of See also:

• NATIONAL

national liberty . Landing at Nice on the 24th of June 1848, he placed his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword at the disposal of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, and, after various difficulties with the Piedmontese war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, formed a volunteer See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army 3000 strong, but shortly after taking the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field was obliged, by the defeat of See also:

• CUSTOZZA

Custozza, to flee to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . Proceeding thence to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, he was entrusted by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic with the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• SAN

San Pancrazio against the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, where he gained the victory of the 3oth of See also:

• APRIL

April 1849, remaining all See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle, although wounded in the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side at the beginning of the fight . From the 3rd of May until the 30th of May he was continuously engaged against the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon troops at See also:

• PALESTRINA, GIOVANNI PIERLUIGI DA (1526-1594)

Palestrina, See also:

• VELLETRI (anc. Velitrae)

Velletri and elsewhere, dispersing an army of 20,000 men with 3000 See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers . After the fall of Rome he See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of 4000 volunteers, with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of joining the defenders of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, and started on that wonderful See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat through central Italy pursued by the armies of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . By his consummate generalship and the matchless endurance of his men the pursuers were evaded and San See also:

• MARINO

Marino reached, though with a sadly diminished force . Garibaldi and a few followers, including his devoted wife Anita, after vainly attempting to reach Venice, where the tricolor still floated, took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in the See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine forests of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna; the Austrians were seeking him in all directions, and most of his legionaries were captured and shot . Anita died near See also:

• COMACCHIO

Comacchio, and he himself fled across the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, being assisted by all classes of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, to See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, whence he escaped to Piedmont and ultimately to America . At New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• EARN

earn a living, he became first a See also:

• CHANDLER, HENRY WILLIAM (1828-1889)
• CHANDLER, RICHARD (1738-1810)
• CHANDLER, SAMUEL (1693-1766)
• CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH (1813-1879)

chandler, and afterwards a trading skipper, returning to Italy in 1854 with a small See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, and purchasing the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• CAPRERA

Caprera, on which he built the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house thenceforth his home . On the outbreak of war in 1859 he was placed in command of the Alpine See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, defeating the Austrians at Casale on the 8th of May, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• TICINO (Fr. and Ger. Tessin)
• TICINO (Ger. Tessin, anc. Ticinus)

Ticino on the 23rd of May, and, after a series of victorious fights, liberating Alpine territory as far as the frontier of See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol . When about to enter See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian territory proper his advance was, however, checked by the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice of Villafranca . Returning to See also:

• COMO (anc. Comum)
• COMO, LAKE OF (the Lacus Larius of the Romans, and so sometimes called LARIO to the present day, though in the 4th century it is already termed Lacus Comacinus)

Como to wed the countess Raimondi, by whom he had been aided during the campaign, he was apprised, immediately after the See also:

• WEDDING

wedding, of certain circumstances which caused him at once to abandon that See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady and to start for central Italy .

Forbidden to invade the Romagna, he returned indignantly to Caprera, where with See also:

• CRISPI, FRANCESCO (1819-1901)

Crispi and See also:

• BERTANI, AGOSTINO (1812-1886)

Bertani he planned the invasion of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily . Assured by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson of the sympathy of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, he began active preparations for the expedition to See also:

• MARSALA

Marsala . At the last moment he hesitated, but Crispi succeeded in persuading him to See also:

• SAIL

sail from Genoa on the 5th of May 186o with two vessels carrying a volunteer See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of 1070 strong . Calling at Talamone to embark arms and See also:

• MONEY

money, he reached Marsala on the 11th of May, and landed under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• BRITISH

British vessels " Intrepid " and " See also:

• ARGUS

Argus." On the 12th of May the dictatorship of Garibaldi was proclaimed at Salemi, on the 15th of May the Neapolitan troops were routed at See also:

• CALATAFIMI

Calatafimi, on the 25th of May See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo was taken, and on the 6th of June 20,000 Neapolitan regulars, supported by nine frigates and protected by two forts, were compelled to capitulate . Once established at Palermo, Garibaldi organized an army to liberate Naples and See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march upon Rome, a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan opposed by the emissaries of See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour, who desired the immediate See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Sicily to the Italian See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . Expelling Lafarina and See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving out See also:

• DEPRETIS, AGOSTINO (1813-1887)

Depretis, who represented Cavour, Garibaldi routed the Neapolitans at Milazzo on the loth of July . See also:

• MESSINA

Messina See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on the loth of July, but Garibaldi, instead of crossing to See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, secretly departed for Aranci See also:

• BAY

Bay in See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, where Bertani was fitting out an expedition against the papal states . Cavour, however, obliged the expedition to sail for Palermo . Returning to Messina, Garibaldi found a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel II. dissuading him from invading the kingdom of Naples . Garibaldi replied asking " permission to disobey." Next day he crossed the Strait, won the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Reggio on the 21st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, accepted the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of 9000 Neapolitan troops at San Giovanni and of 11,000 more at Soveria . The march upon Naples became a triumphal progress, which the See also:

• WILES, IRVING RAMSAY (1861- )

wiles of See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco II. were powerless to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest . On the 7th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September Garibaldi entered Naples, while Francesco fled to See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta .

On the 1st of October he routed the remnant of the Bourbon army 40,000 strong on the See also:

• VOLTURNO (anc. Volturnus, from volvere, to roll)

Volturno . Meanwhile the Italian troops had occupied the See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

Marches, See also:

• UMBRIA
• UMBRIA ('Opj3pucrl)

Umbria and the Abruzzi, a See also:

• BATTALION

battalion of Bersaglieri reaching the Volturno in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to take See also:

• PART

part in the battle . Their presence put an end to the plan for the invasion of the papal states, and Garibaldi unwillingly issued a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree for the See also:

• PLEBISCITE (Lat. plebiscitum, a decree of the plebs)

plebiscite which was to See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction the See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation of the Two Sicilies in the Italian See also:

• REALM

realm . On the 7th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November Garibaldi accompanied Victor Emmanuel during his See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn entry into Naples, and on the morrow returned to Caprera, after disbanding his volunteers and recommending their enrolment in the See also:

• REGULAR

regular army . Indignation at the cession of Nice to France and at the neglect of his followers by the Italian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government induced him to return to See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• LIFE

life . Elected See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy in 1861, his anger against Cavour found violent expression . See also:

• BIXIO, NINO (1821-1873)

Bixio attempted to reconcile them, but the publication by Cialdini of a letter against Garibaldi provoked a hostility which, but for the intervention of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, would have led-to a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel between Cialdini and Garibaldi . Returning to Caprera, Garibaldi awaited events . Cavour's successor, See also:

• RICASOLI, BETTINO, BARON (1809-1880)

Ricasoli, enrolled the Garibaldians in the regular army; Rattazzi, who succeeded Ricasoli, urged Garibaldi to undertake an expedition in aid of the Hungarians, but Garibaldi, finding his followers See also:

• ILL

ill-disposed towards the idea, decided to turn his arms against Rome . On the 29th of June 1862 he landed at Palermo and gathered an army under the banner " See also:

• ROMA

Roma o morte." Rattazzi, frightened at the prospect of an attack upon Rome, proclaimed a state of See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in Sicily, sent the fleet to Messina, and instructed Cialdini to oppose Garibaldi . Circumventing the Italian troops, Garibaldi entered See also:

• CATANIA (Gr. Katane, Rom. Catinal)

Catania, crossed to See also:

• MELITO

Melito with 3000 men on the 25th of August, but was taken prisoner and wounded by Cialdini's forces at See also:

• ASPROMONTE

Aspromonte on the 27th of August . Liberated by an See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty, Garibaldi returned once more to Caprera amidst See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sympathy .

In the spring of 1864 he went to See also:

• LONDON

London, where he was accorded an enthusiastic reception and given the freedom of the city . From England he returned again to Caprera . On the outbreak of war in 1866 he assumed command of a volunteer army and, after the defeat of the Italian troops at Custozza, took the offensive in order to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia . On the 3rd of July he defeated the Austrians at See also:

• MONTE

Monte Saello, on the 7th at Lodrone, on the loth at467 Darso, on the 16th at Condino, on the ,9th at Ampola, on the 21st at Bezzecca, but, when on the point of attacking See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, he was ordered by General Lamarmora to retire . His famous reply " Obbedisco " (" I obey ") has often been cited as a classical example of military obedience to a command destructive of a successful See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader's hopes, but documents now published (cf . Corriere della sera, 9th of August 1906) prove beyond doubt that Garibaldi had for some days known that the order to evacuate the Trentino would shortly reach him . The order arrived on the 9th of August, whereas Crispi had been sent as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 16th of July to warn Garibaldi that, owing to Prussian opposition, Austria would not cede the Trentino to Italy, and that the evacuation was inevitable . Hence Garibaldi's laconic reply . From the Trentino he returned to Caprera to mature his designs against Rome, which had been evacuated by the French in pursuance of the Franco-Italian See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of the 15th of September 1864 . Gathering volunteers in the autumn of 1867, he prepared to enter papal territory, but was arrested at Sinalunga by the Italian government and conducted to Caprera . Eluding the surveillance of the Italian cruisers, he returned to See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, and, with the complicity of the second Rattazzi See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, entered Roman territory at Passo Corese on the 23rd of October . Two days later he took Monterotondo, but on the 2nd of November his forces were dispersed at Mentana by French and papal troops .

Recrossing the Italian frontier, he was arrested at Figline and taken back to Caprera, where he eked out his slender resources by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing several romances . In 187o he formed a fresh volunteer corps and went to the aid of France, defeating the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German troops at See also:

• CHATILLON

Chatillon, See also:

• AUTUN

Autun and See also:

• DIJON

Dijon . Elected a member of the See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, he resigned his See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate in anger at French insults, and withdrew to Caprera until, in 1874, he was elected deputy for Rome . Popular See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm induced the Conservative See also:

• MINGHETTI, MARCO (1818-1886)

Minghetti cabinet to propose that a sum of £40,000 with an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £2000 be conferred upon him as a recompense for his services, but the proposal, though adopted by See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (27th May 1875), was indignantly refused by Garibaldi . Upon the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the Left to See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, however, he accepted both See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift and pension, and worked energetically upon the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the See also:

• TIBER (anc. Tiberis; Ital. Tevere)

Tiber See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment to prevent the flooding of Rome . At the same time he succeeded in obtaining the annulment of his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with the countess Raimondi (with whom he had never lived) and contracted another marriage with the mother of his children, Clelia and Manlio . In 188o he went to See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan for the inauguration of the Mentana See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument, and in 1882 visited Naples and Palermo, but was prevented by illness from being See also:

• PRESENT

present at the 600th anniversary of the Sicilian See also:

• VESPERS (officium vespertinum)
• VESPERS, SICILIAN

Vespers . On the 2nd of June 1882 his death at Caprera plunged Italy into See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning . See Garibaldi, Epistolario, ed . E . E . Ximenes (2 vols., Milan, 1885), and Memorie autografiche (11th ed., Florence, 1902; Eng. See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by A .

See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, with supplement by J . W . See also:

• MARIO, GIUSEPPE, COUNT OF CANDIA (1810-1883)

Mario in vol. iii. of 1888 ed.) ; Giuseppe Guerzoni, Garibaldi (2 vols., Florence, 1882) ; Jessie See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Mario, Garibaldi e i suoi tempi (Milan, 1884) ; G.1\4 . Trevelyan, Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic (London, 1907), which contains an excellent See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of Garibaldi's early career, of the events leading up to the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the Roman Republic, and a picturesque, detailed and authoritative See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the defence of Rome and of Garibaldi's See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, with a very full bibliography; also Trevelyan's Garibaldi and the Thousand (1909) . (H . W .