See also:

• GARLIC (O. Eng. gdrledc, i.e. " spear-leek "; Gr. oKbpolov; Lat. allium; Ital. aglio; Fr. ail; Ger. Knoblauch)

GARLIC (O. Eng. gdrledc, i.e. " See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear-See also:

• LEEK

leek "; Gr. oKbpolov; See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• ALLIUM (Lat. for " garlic ")

allium; Ital. aglio; Fr. ail; Ger. Knoblauch)  , See also:

• ALLIUM (Lat. for " garlic ")

Allium sativum, a bulbous perennial plant of the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• LILIACEAE

Liliaceae, indigenous apparently to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . It has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, narrow, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, obscurely keeled leaves, a See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous spathe, and a globose umbel of whitish See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, among which are small bulbils . The bulb, which is the only See also:

• PART

part eaten, has membranous scales, in the axils of which are 10 or 12 See also:

• CLOVES

cloves, or smaller bulbs . From these new bulbs can be procured by planting out in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February or See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . The bulbs are best preserved hung in a dry See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . If of See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• SIZE

size, twenty of them weigh about 1 lb . To prevent the plant from See also:

• RUNNING

running to See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (Nat . Hist. xix . 34) advises to See also:

• BEND

bend the stalk downward and See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover with See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth; seeding, he observes, may be prevented by twisting the stalk . See also:

• GARLIC (O. Eng. gdrledc, i.e. " spear-leek "; Gr. oKbpolov; Lat. allium; Ital. aglio; Fr. ail; Ger. Knoblauch)

Garlic is cultivated in the same manner as the See also:

• SHALLOT

shallot (q.v.) . It i$ stated to have.been grown in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England before the See also:

• YEAR

year 1548 . The percentage See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the bulbs is given by E .

Solly (Trans . See also:

• HORT, FENTON JOHN ANTHONY (1828–1892)

Hort . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Lond., new See also:

• SER

ser., iii. p . 6o) as See also:

• WATER

water 84.09, organic See also:

• MATTER

matter 13.38, and inorganic matter 1.53—that of the leaves being water 87.14, organic matter 11.27 and inorganic matter 1.59 . The bulb has a strong and characteristic odour and an acrid See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and yields an offensively smelling oil, essence of garlic, identical with allyl sulphide (See also:

• C3H5(OH)2
• C3H5(OH)3+3(C10H31O2)H

C3H5)2S (see See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann and Cahours, Journ . Chem . Soc. x. p . 320) . This, when garlic has been eaten, is evolved by the excretory See also:

• ORGANS

organs, the activity of which it promotes . From the earliest times garlic has been used as an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• DIET

diet . It formed part of the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of the Israelites in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt (Numb. xi .

5) and of the labourers employed by See also:

• CHEOPS

Cheops in the construction of his wraaritilaad is still grown in Egypt, where, however, the Syrian s the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind most esteemed (see See also:

• RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902)
• RAWLINSON, RICHARD (169o-1755)
• RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE (1810—1895)
• RAWLINSON, SIR ROBERT (1810—1898)

Rawlinson's See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, ii . 125) . It was largely consumed by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman soldiers, sailors and rural classes (cf . Virg . Ecl. ii . If), and, as Pliny tells us (N.H. xix . 32), by the See also:

• AFRICAN

African peasantry . See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen eulogizes it as the rustic's theriac (see F . See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams's See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus See also:

• AEGINETA, PAULUS

Aegineta, p . 99), and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• NECKAM, ALEXANDER (1157-1217)

Neckam, a writer of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (see See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright's edition of his See also:

• WORKS

works, p . 473, 1863), recommends it as a palliative of the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun in See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field labour . " The See also:

• PEOPLE

people in places where the simoon is frequent," says Mountstuart See also:

• ELPHINSTONE, MOUNTSTUART (1779-1859)
• ELPHINSTONE, WILLIAM (1431-1514)

Elphinstone (An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom of Caubul, p .

140, 1815), " eat garlic, and rub their lips and noses with it, when they go out in the heat of the summer, to prevent their suffering by the simoon." " O dura messorum ilia," exclaims See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (Epod. iii.), as he records his detestation of the popular esculent, to See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell of which was accounted a sign of vulgarity (cf . See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, Coriol. iv . 6, and Meas. for Meas. iii . 2) . In England garlic is seldom used except as a seasoning, but in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern countries of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe it is a See also:

• COMMON

common ingredient in dishes, and is largely consumed by the agricultural See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . = Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at See also:

• CROSS

cross-roads, as a supper for See also:

• HECATE (Gr. 'EKa-rrl, " she who works from afar "1)

Hecate (See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus, Characters, Aeun&atuovias); and according to Pliny garlic and onions were invocated as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths . The inhabitants of See also:

• PELUSIUM

Pelusium in See also:

• LOWER

lower Egypt, who worshipped the See also:

• ONION (Fr. oignon, Lat. unio, liberally unity, oneness, applied to a large pearl and to a species of onion)

onion, are said to have held both it and garlic in aversion as food . Garlic possesses stimulant and stomachic properties, and was of old, as still sometimes now, employed as a medicinal remedy . Pliny (N.H. xx . 23) gives an exceedingly long See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of complaints in which it was considered beneficial . Dr T . See also:

• SYDENHAM
• SYDENHAM, CHARLES EDWARD
• SYDENHAM, THOMAS (1624-1689)

Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says See also:

• CULLEN
• CULLEN, PAUL (1803–1878)
• CULLEN, W
• CULLEN, WILLIAM (1710-179o)

Cullen (Mal .

Med. ii. p . 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States the bulb is given in doses of 2-2 drachms in cases of See also:

• BRONCHIECTASIS (Gr. fpoyxra, bronchial tubes, and @Krauts, extension)

bronchiectasis and See also:

• PHTHISIS (Gr. 49Lnns " wasting ")

phthisis pulmonalis . Garlic may also be prescribed as an See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract consisting of the inspissated juice, in doses of 5-10 grains, and as the syrupus allii acelicus, in doses of 1-4 drachms . This last preparation has recently been much extolled in the treatment of pulmonary See also:

• TUBERCULOSIS

tuberculosis or phthisis . The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild " See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow garlic " and " field garlic " of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain are the See also:

• SPECIES

species Allium vineale and A. oleraceum respectively .