GATESHEAD  , a municipal, See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county and See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; on the S. See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• TYNE

Tyne opposite See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle, and on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Eastern railway . Pop . (1891) 85,692; (Igor) 109,888 . Though one of the largest towns in the county, neither its streets nor its public buildings, except perhaps its ecclesiastical buildings, have much claim to architectural beauty . The See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary is an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient cruciform edifice surmounted by a lofty See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower; but extensive restoration was necessitated by a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1854 which destroyed a considerable See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• TOWN

town . The town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, public library and mechanic's See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute are noteworthy buildings . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education is provided by a See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school, a large See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day school for girls, and technical and See also:

• ART

art See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . There is a service of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam trams in the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal streets, and three See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges connect the town with Newcastle-upon-Tyne . There are large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• WORKS

works (including foundries and factories for engines, boilers, chains and cables), See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass manufactories, chemical, See also:

• SOAP

soap and See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle works, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile works, breweries and tanneries . The town also contains a See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot of the North Eastern railway, with large stores and See also:

• LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive works . Extensive See also:

• COAL

coal mines exist in the vicinity; and at Gateshead See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

Fell are large quarries for grindstones, which are much esteemed and are exported to all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Large See also:

• GAS

gas-works of the Newcastle and Gateshead Gas See also:

• COMPANY

Company are also situated in the borough .

The parliamentary borough returns one member . The See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation consists of a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor, 9 aldermen, and 27 councillors . See also:

• AREA

Area, 3132 acres . Gateshead (Gateshewed) probably See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up during See also:

• LATE

late Saxon times, the mention of the church there in which See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop Walcher was murdered in 1o8o being' the first See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . The borough probably obtained its See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter during the following See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, for See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh de Puiset, bishop of Durham (1153-1195), confirmed to his burgesses similar rights to those of the burgesses of Newcastle, freedom of See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

toll within the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate and other privileges . The bishop had a See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park here in 1348, and in 1438 Bishop Nevill appointed a keeper of the " tower." The position of the town led to a struggle with Newcastle over both fishing and trading rights . An See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

inquisition of 1322 declared that the See also:

• WATER

water of the Tyne was divided into three parts: the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern, belonging to See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland; the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern to Durham; and the central, See also:

• COMMON

common to all . At another inquisition held in 1336 the men of Gateshead claimed See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of trading and fishing along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Durham, and freedom to sell their See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish where they would . In 1552, on the temporary extinction of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Durham, Gateshead was attached to Newcastle, but in 1554 was regranted to Bishop See also:

• TUNSTALL
• TUNSTALL (or TONSTALL), CUTHBERT (1474-1559)

Tunstall . As See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation the bishop granted to Newcastle, at a nominal See also:

• RENT

rent, the Gateshead See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-meadows, with rights of way to the High See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, thus abolishing the toll previously paid to the bishop . During the next century Bishop Tunstall's successors incorporated nearly all the various trades of Gateshead, and See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell continued this policy . The town See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was by the bishop's See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff, and the holders of the burgages composed the juries of the bishop's courts leet and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron .

No charter of See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation is extant, but in 1563 contests were carried on under the name of the bailiffs, burgesses and commonalty, and a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of borough accounts exists for 1696 . The bishop appointed the last borough bailiff in 1681, and though the inhabitants in 1772 petitioned for a bailiff the town remained under a steward and grassmen until the 19th century . As part of the palatinate of Durham, Gateshead was not represented in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament until 1832 . At the inquisition of 1336 the burgesses claimed an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• FAIR

fair on St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's Day, and depositions in 1577 mention a borough See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market held on Tuesday and See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, but these were apparently See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden's day, and no See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of them is extant . The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade seems to have centred See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries and the neighbouring coal" mines which are mentioned in 1364 and also by See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland .