GAULT  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, one of the members of the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Cretaceous See also:

• SYSTEM

System . The name is still employed provincially in parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for a stiff See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; by the earlier writers it was sometimes spelt " See also:

• GALT
• GALT, JOHN (1779-1839)
• GALT, SIR ALEXANDER TILLOCH (1817-1893)

Galt " or " Golt." The formation now known as Gault in England has been variously designated " Blue See also:

• MARIE

Marie," " See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

Brick See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth," " Golt Brick Earth " and " See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-See also:

• SOIL

soil." In certain parts of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of England the Gault appears as a well-marked See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of clay, lying between two sandy formations; the one above came to be known as the " Upper See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand," the one below being the " Lower Greensand " (see GREENSAND) . Since the typical clayey Gault is continually taking on a sandy facies as it is traced both horizontally and vertically; and since the fossils of the Upper Greensand and Gault are inseparably related, it has been proposed by A . J . See also:

• JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE (1811-1869)

Jukes-See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne that these two See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of beds should be regarded as the arenaceous and argillaceous phases of a single formation, to which he has given the name " Selbornian " (from the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of See also:

• SELBORNE
• SELBORNE, ROUNDELL PALMER, 1ST EARL
• SELBORNE, WILLIAM WALDEGRAVE PALMER, 2ND EARL OF (18J9- )

Selborne where the beds are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed) . Lithologically, then, the Selbornian includes the blue and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and marls of the Gault proper; the glauconitic sands of the Upper Greensand, and their See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent, the " maim," " maim See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock " or " firestone," which in places passes into the micaceous See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone containing sponge spicules and globules of See also:

• SILICA

silica, the counterpart of the rock called " gaize " on the same See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . In See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire and parts of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk the Selbornian is represented by the Red See also:

• CHALK

Chalk . The maim is a ferruginous siliceous rock, the silica being mainly in the colloidal See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of globules and sponge spicules; some See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz grains, See also:

• MICA

mica and See also:

• GLAUCONITE

glauconite are usually See also:

• PRESENT

present along with from 2 to 25% of calcareous See also:

• MATTER

matter . Chert-bands and nodules are See also:

• COMMON

common in the Upper Greensand of certain districts; and calcareous concretions, locally recognized as cowstones (Lyme Regis), doggers or buhrstones, are not infrequent . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal divisions of the Selbornian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage with their characteristic zonal fossils are as follows: See also:

• WARMINSTER

Warminster Beds Pecten as per and Cardiaster fossarius . Upper Gault See also:

• DEVIZES

Devizes Beds or Merstham Beds with Schloenbachia rostratus . Hoplites lautus .

Lower Gault H. interruptus . Acanthoceras mammillatum . The Gault (with Upper Greensand) crops out all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• WEALDEN

Wealden See also:

• AREA

area; it extends beneath the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin and reappears from beneath the northern scarp of the Chalk along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Chiltern Hills to near See also:

• TRING

Tring . In the south of England the Gault clay is fairly See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in the lower See also:

• PART

part, with the Greensand above; the clay, however, passes into See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand as it is followed westward and, as already pointed out, the clay and sand appear to pass into a red chalk towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The Gault overlaps the Lower See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green-sand towards the east, where it rests upon the old Paleozoic See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis; it also overlaps the same formation towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west about See also:

• FROME

Frome, and thence passes unconformably across the See also:

• PORTLANDIAN

Portlandian beds, Kimeridge Clay, See also:

• CORALLIAN (Fr. Corallun)

Corallian beds and See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Clay; in south See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire it rests upon the Wealden Series . The Gault (with Upper Greensand) passes on to the See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic and See also:

• RHAETIC (Fr. Rhetien or Rhcetien; Ger. Rhdt or Rhktisch; It. Retico)

Rhaetic rocks near Axmouth, and oversteps-farther westward, in the Haldon Hills, on to the See also:

• PERMIAN

Permian . A large outlier occurs on the Blackdown Hills of See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire . See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good localities for fossils are See also:

• FOLKESTONE

Folkestone—where many of the shells are preserved with their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original pearly nacre,—Burnham, Merstham, Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight, the Blackdown and Haldon 'Hills, Warminster, See also:

• HUNSTANTON [commonly pronounced Hunston]

Hunstanton and Speeton, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• VENN, HENRY (1725–1797)

Venn near Lyme Regis, and Devizes (malmstone and gaize) . The beds are well developed in the vale of Wardour, and in the Isle of Wight; the Gault forms the so-called " blue slipper " at See also:

• VENTNOR

Ventnor which has been the cause of the landslip or undercliff . The Gault of north France is very similar to that in the south of England, but the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TERM

term Albien includes only a portion of the Selbornian formation . The Gault of north-west See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany embraces beds that would be classed as Albien and Aptien by French authors; it comprises the " Flammenmergel "—a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale siliceous See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl shot with See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame-shaped darker patches—a clay with Belemnites minimus, and the Gargasmergel " (See also:

• APTIAN (Fr. Aptien, from Apt in Vaucluse, France)

Aptian) . In the Diester and Teutoberger Wald, and in the region of See also:

• HALBERSTADT

Halberstadt, the clays,and marls are replaced by sandstones, the so-called Gault-Quader .

See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental writers usually See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the Gault or See also:

• ALBIAN (Fr. Albien, from Alba = Aube in France)

Albian at the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the Lower Cretaceous; while with See also:

• ENGLISH

English geologists the practice is to commence the Upper Cretaceous with this formation . In addition to the fossils already noticed, the following may be mentioned: Acanthoceras Desmoceras Beaudanti, Hoplites splendens, Hamites, Scaphites, Turrilites, Aporrhais retusa, Trigonia aliforme, also See also:

• ICHTHYOSAURUS

Ichthyosaurus and Ornithocheirus (Pterodactyl) . From the clays,. bricks and tiles are made at Burham, Barnwell, See also:

• DUNTON, JOHN (1659-1733)

Dunton Green, Arlesey, See also:

• HITCHIN

Hitchin, &c . The cherts in the Greensand portion are used for road See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, and in the Blackdown Hills, for See also:

• SCYTHE

scythe stones; hearthstone is obtained about Merstham; phosphatic nodules occur at several horizons . See CRETACEOUS SYSTEM; ALBIAN; APTIAN; also A . J . Jukes-Browne, " The Gault and Upper Greensand of England," vol. i., Cretaceous Rocks of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; Mem . Geol . Survey, 1900 .