GAZALAND  , a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Portuguese See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, extending See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north from the See also:

• KOMATI

Komati or Manhissa See also:

• RIVER

river, Delagoa See also:

• BAY

Bay, to the Pungwe river . It is a well-watered, fertile See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Gazaland is one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief recruiting grounds for See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro labour in the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold mines . The country derives its name from a Swazi chief named See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza, a contemporary of Chaka, the Zulu See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king: Refugees from various clans oppressed by Dingaan (Chaka's successor) were welded into one tribe by Gaza's son Manikusa, who took the name of Sotshangana, his followers being known generally as Matshangana . A See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of them was called Maviti or Landeens (i.e. couriers), a designation which persists as a tribal name . Between 1833 and 1836 Manikusa made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the country as far north as the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi and captured the Portuguese posts at Delagoa Bay, See also:

• INHAMBANE

Inhambane, See also:

• SOFALA

Sofala and Sena, killing nearly all the inhabitants . The Portuguese reoccupied their posts, but held them with See also:

• GREAT

great difficulty, while in the interior the Matshangana continued their ravages unchecked, depopulating large regions . Manikusa died about 186o, and his son Umzila, receiving some help from the Portuguese at Delagoa Bay in a struggle against a See also:

• BROTHER

brother for the chieftain-See also:

• SHIP

ship, ceded to them the territory See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Manhissa river . North of that stream as far as the Zambezi and inland to the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau Umzila established himself in See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, a position he maintained till his See also:

• DEATH

death (c . 1834) . His chief See also:

• RIVAL

rival was a Goanese named Gouveia, who came to Africa about 1850 . Having obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a prazo in the Gorongoza district, he ruled there as a feudal See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord while acknowledging himself a Portuguese subject .

Gouveia recovered from the Matshangana and other troublers of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace much of the country in the Zambezi valley, and was appointed by the Portuguese See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of a large region . From 1868 onward the country began to be better known . Probably the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European to penetrate any distance inland from the Sofala See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast since the Portuguese gold-seekers of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century was St See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent W . See also:

• ERSKINE, EBENEZER (1680-1754)
• ERSKINE, HENRY (1746-1817)
• ERSKINE, JOHN
• ERSKINE, JOHN (1721-1803)
• ERSKINE, RALPH (1685-1752)
• ERSKINE, THOMAS
• ERSKINE, THOMAS ERSKINE, 1ST BARON (1750-1823)

Erskine, who explored the region between the See also:

• LIMPOPO, or CROCODILE

Limpopo and Pungwe (1868-1875) . See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal's hold on the coast had been more firmly established at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Umzila's death, and Gungunyana, his successor, was claimed as a See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal, while efforts were made to open up the interior . This led in 1890-1891 to collisions on the borderland of the plateau with the newly established See also:

• BRITISH

British South Africa See also:

• COMPANY

Company, and to the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest by the company's agents of Gouveia, who was, however, set at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and returned to See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique via Cape See also:

• TOWN

Town . An offer made by Gungunyana (1891) to come under British See also:

• PROTECTION

protection was not accepted . In 1892 Gouveia was killed in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with a native chief . Gungunyana maintained his independence until 1895, when he was captured by a Portuguese force and exiled, first to See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon and afterwards to See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola, where he died in Igo6 . With the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Gungunyana opposition to Portuguese See also:

• RULE

rule largely ceased . In See also:

• FLORA

flora, See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce Gazaland resembles the neighbouring regions of Portuguese East Africa . (q.v.) .

See G . McCall Theal, See also:

• HISTORY

History of South Africa since 1795+ vol. v . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1908) .