See also:

• GEIGE (O. Fr. gigue, gige; O. Ital. and Span. giga; Prov. gigua; O. Dutch gigue)

GEIGE (O. Fr. gigue, gige; O. Ital. and Span. giga; Prov. gigua; O. Dutch gigue)  , in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German the See also:

• VIOLIN

violin; in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval German the name applied to the first stringed See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments played with a See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, in contradistinction to those whose strings were plucked by fingers or plectrum such as the See also:

• CITHARA (Assyrian chetarah; Gr. KcOhpa; Lat, cithara; perhaps Heb. kinura, kinnor)

cithara, See also:

• ROTTA, CHROTTA, HROTTA (Fr. Cithare, rotta; Ger, Cytharr„ Rotta)

rotta and fidula, the first of these terms having been very generally used to designate various instruments whose strings were plucked . The name gige in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, of which the origin is uncertain,' and its derivatives in other See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, were in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages applied to rebecs having fingerboards . As the first bowed instruments in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe were, as far as we know, those of the See also:

• REBAB, or RABAB (Persian rubab;2 Arabic rebab, rababa;3 Sp. rave, rabe,' rabel, arrabel, arrabil;s Fr. rubebe; It. rubeba)

rebab type, both See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-shaped and See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear-shaped, it seems probable that the name clung to them See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the bow had been applied to other stringed instruments derived from the cithara, such as the See also:

• FIDDLE (O. Eng. fithele, fidel, &c., Fr. vide, viole, violon; M. H. Ger. videle, mod. Ger. Fiedel)

fiddle (videl) or See also:

• VIELLE

vielle . In the romances of the 12th and 13th centuries the gige is frequently mentioned, and generally associated with the rotta . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century we find definite See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information concerning the See also:

• GEIGE (O. Fr. gigue, gige; O. Ital. and Span. giga; Prov. gigua; O. Dutch gigue)

Geige in the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian Virdung (1511), Hans Judenkiinig (1523), See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola •(1532), Hans See also:

• GERLE, CHRISTOPHE ANTOINE (1736–c. 1801)

Gerle (1533) ; and from the instruments depicted, of two distinct types and many varieties, it would appear that the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea attached to the name was still that of the bow used to vibrate the strings . Virdung qualifies the word Geige with See also:

• KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD (1810–1876)

Klein (small) and See also:

• GROSS

Gross (large), which do not represent two sizes of the same See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument but widely different types, also recognized by Agricola, who names three or four sizes of each, discant, See also:

• ALTO (Ital. for " high ")

alto, See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor and See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass . Virdung's Klein Geige is none other than the See also:

• REBEC, or REBECK (Med. Fr. rubebe, rebelle, rebec, gigue; Ger. Rubeba, Rebek, Geige, Lyra ; Ital. ribeba, ribeca, lyra; Sp. rabel, rabeca, rave, rabe)

rebec with two C-shaped soundholes and a raised fingerboard cut in one piece with the vaulted back and having a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat soundboard glued over it, a. See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change 'rendered necessary by the arched See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . Agricola's Klein Geige with three strings was of a totally different construction, having ribs and wide incurvations but no bridge; there was a See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose soundhole near the tailpiece and two C-shaped holes in the shoulders . Agricola (Musica inslrumenlalis) distinctly mentions three kinds of Geigen with three, four and five strings . From him we learn that only one position was as yet used on these instruments, one or two higher notes being occasionally obtained by sliding the little See also:

• FINGER

finger along . A century later Agricola's Geige was regarded as antiquated by See also:

• PRAETORIUS, MICHAEL (1571_1621)

Praetorius, who reproduces one of the bridgeless ones with five strings, a rose and two C-shaped soundholes, and calls it an old fiddle; under Geige he gives the violins . (K .

S.) GEIGER; See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

ABRAHAM (1810-1874), Jewish theologian and orientalist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main on the 24th of May 1810, and educated at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg and See also:

• BONN

Bonn . As a student he distinguished himself in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and in See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, and at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of his course wrote on the relations of Judaism and Mahommedanism a See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay which was after-wards published in 1833 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Was See also:

• HAT

hat Mohammed aus dem Judentum aufgenommen ? (See also:

• ENGLISH

English trans . Judaism and See also:

• ISLAM

Islam, See also:

• MADRAS

Madras, 1898) . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1832 he went to See also:

• WIESBADEN

Wiesbaden as See also:

• RABBI

rabbi of the See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue, and became in 1835 one of the most ' The words gige, gigen, geic appear suddenly in the M . H . German of the 12th century, and thence passed apparently into the See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance languages, though some would See also:

• REVERSE

reverse the See also:

• PROCESS

process (e.g . Weigand, Deutsches Worterbuch): An elaborate See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument in the Deutsches Worterbuch of J. and W . See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1897) connects the word with an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• COMMON

common Teut. See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root gag—meaning to sway to and fro, as preserved in numerous forms: e. g . M.H.G gagen, gugen, to sway to and fro (gugen, gagen, the rocking of a See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle), the Swabian gigen, gagen, in the same sense, the Tirolese gaiggern, to sway, doubt, or the old Norse geiga, to go astray or crooked . The reference is to the swaying See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of the violin bow . The English " See also:

• JIG

jig " is derived from gige through the O .

Fr. gigue (in the sense of a stringed instrument); the modern See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French gigue (a See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance) is the English '.' jig " re-imported (Hatzfeld and See also:

• DARMESTETER, JAMES (1849-1894)

Darmesteter, Diction-?mire) . This opens up another possibility, of the origin of the name of the instrument in the dance which it accompanied . (W . A . P.) See also:

• GEIJER, ERIK GUSTAF (1783–1847)

GEIJER 551 active promoters of•the Zeitschrift fisr jitdische Theologie (1835-1839 and 1842-1847) . From 1838 to 1863 he lived in See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, where he organized the reform See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in Judaism and wrote some of his most important works, including Lehr- and Lesebuch zur Sprache der Mischna (1845), Studien from See also:

• MAIMONIDES

Maimonides (1850), See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation into German of the poems of Juda ha-See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi (1851), and Urschrift and Ubersetzungen der Bibel in ihrer Abhangigkeit von der innern Entwickelung See also:

• DES

des Judentums (1857) . The last-named See also:

• WORK

work attracted little See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, but now enjoys a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation as a new departure in the methods of studying the records of Judaism . The Urschrift has moreover been recognized as one of the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original contributions to biblical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . In 1863 Geiger became See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the synagogue of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, and in 187o he removed to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, where, in addition to his duties as See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief rabbi, he took the principal See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the newly established See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary for Jewish science . The Urschrift was followed by a more exhaustive handling of one of its topics in See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Sadducaer and Pharisder (1863), and by a more thorough application of its leading principles in an elaborate See also:

• HISTORY

history of Judaism (Das Judentum and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Geschichte) in 1865-1871 . Geiger also contributed frequently on See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, Samaritan and See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac subjects to the Zeitschrif tderdeutschen morgenldndischen Gesellschaft, and from 1862 until his See also:

• DEATH

death (on the 23rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1874). he was editor of a periodical entitled Jiidische Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Wissenschaft and Leben . He also published a Jewish See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer-See also:

• BOOK

book (Israelitisches Gebetbuch) and a variety of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor monographs on See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and See also:

• LITERARY

literary subjects connected with the fortunes of his See also:

• PEOPLE

people .

(I . A.) An Allgemeine Einleitung and five volumes of Nachgelassene Schriften were edited in 1875 by his son See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG GEIGER (b . 1848), who in 188o became extraordinary See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in the university of Berlin . Ludwig Geiger published a large number of See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical and literary works and made a See also:

• SPECIAL

special study of German See also:

• HUMANISM (from Lat. humanus, human, connected with holm)

humanism . He edited the See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe-Jahrbuch from 2880, Vierteljahrsschrift fur Kultur and Litteratur der See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance (1885-1886), Zeitschr. fur die Gesch. der Juden See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Deutschland (1886-1891), Zeitschr . fur vergleichende Litt eraturgeschichte and Renaissance-Litteratur (1887-1891) . Among his works are Johann Relic/din, sein Leben and seine Werke (Leipzig, 1871); and Johann See also:

• REUCHLIN, JOHANN (1455–1522)

Reuchlin's Briefwechsel (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1875); Renaissance and Humanismus in Italien and Deutschland (1882, 2nd ed . 1901); Gesch. des geistigen Lebens der preussischen Hauptstadt (1892-1894); Berlin's geistiges Leben (1894-1896)• See also J . See also:

• DERENBOURG, JOSEPH (1811-1895)

Derenbourg in See also:

• JUD, LEO (1482–1542)

Jud . Zeitschrift, xi . 299-308; E . Schrieber, Abraham Geiger als Reformator des Judentums (1880), See also:

• ART

art .

(with portrait) in Jewish Encyclopedia . Abraham Geiger's See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

LAZARUS GEIGER (1829-1870), philosopher and philologist, born at Frankfort-on-Main, was destined to See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, but soon gave himself up to scholarship and studied at See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, Bonn and Heidelberg . From 1861 till his sudden death in 187o he was professor in the Jewish high school at Frankfort . His chief aim was to prove that the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of human See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason is closely See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up with that, of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . He further maintained that the origin of the Indo- . Germanic language is to be sought not in See also:

• ASIA

Asia but in central Germany . He was a convinced opponent of See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . His chief work was his Unsprung and Entwickelung der menschlichen Sprache and Vernunft (vol. i., See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1868), the principal results of which appeared in a more popular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form as Der Ursprung der Sprache (Stuttgart, 1869 and 1878) . The second See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the former was published in an incomplete form (1872, 2nd ed . 1899) after his death by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred Geiger, who also published a number of his scattered papers as Zur Entwickelung der Menschheit (1871, 2nd ed . 1878; Eng. trans . D .

See also:

• ASHER

Asher, Hist. of the Development of the Human See also:

• RACE

Race, Lond., 1880) . See L . A . See also:

• ROSENTHAL, TOBY EDWARD (1848– )

Rosenthal, Laz . Geiger: seine Lehre vom Ursprung d . Sprache and Vernunft and sein Leben (Stuttgart, 1883) ; E . Peschier, L . Geiger, sein Leben and Denken (1871); J . See also:

• KELLER, ALBERT (1845- )
• KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890)
• KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (188o- )

Keller, L . Geiger and d . Kritik d . Vernunft (Wertheim, 1883) and Der Ursprung d .

Vernunft (Heidelberg, 1884) .