GENDARMERIE  , originally a See also:

• BODY

body of troops in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France composed of gendarmes or men-at-arms . In the days of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry they were mounted and armed cap-a-See also:

• PIE

pie, exactly as were the lords and knights,with whom they constituted the most important See also:

• PART

part of an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . They were attended each by five soldiers of inferior See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and more lightly armed . In the later See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the men-at-arms were furnished by owners of fiefs . But after the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War this feudal gendarmerie was replaced by the compagnies d'ordonnance which See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VII. formed when the See also:

• ENGLISH

English were driven out of France, and which were distributed throughout the whole extent of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom for preserving See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and maintaining the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's authority . These companies, fifteen in number, were composed of too lances or gendarmes fullyequipped, each of whom was attended by at least three archers, one coutillier (soldier armed with a See also:

• CUTLASS

cutlass) and one varlet (soldier's servant) . The states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans (1439) had voted a yearly See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy of 1,200,000 livres in See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity to keep up this See also:

• NATIONAL

national soldiery, which replaced, and in fact was recruited chiefly amongst, the bands of mercenaries who for about a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century had made France their See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey . The number and See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the compagnies d'ordonnance were changed more than once before the reign of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV . This See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign on his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne found only eight companies of gendarmes surviving out of an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• TOTAL

total of more than one hundred, but after the victory of See also:

• FLEURUS

Fleurus (169o), which had been decided by their courage, he increased their number to sixteen . The four first companies (which were practically guard troops) were designated by the names of Gendarmes ecossais, Gendarmes anglais, Gendarmes bourguignons and Gendarmes famands, from the See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality of the soldiers who had originally composed them; but at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they consisted entirely of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French soldiers and See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . These four companies had a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-general, who was the king . The fifth See also:

• COMPANY

company was that of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen; and the others See also:

• BORE

bore the name of the princes who respectively commanded them .

This organization was dissolved in 1788 . The Revolution swept away all these institutions of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, and, with the exception of a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short revival of the Gendarmes de la garde at the Restoration, henceforward the word " gendarmerie " possesses an. altogether different significance—viz, military See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police .