See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, See also:

• FAMILY

family, and Vryos, theory)  , a See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree or See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of ancestors, or 'the study of See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• HISTORY

history . 1 . Biblical Genealogies.—The aims and methods of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient genealogists require to be carefully considered before the value of the numerous ancestral lists in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible can be properly estimated . Many of the old " genealogies," like those of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, have arisen from the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to explain the origin of the various See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups which they include . See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

Information See also:

• RELATING

relating to the sub-See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of tribes, their relation to each other, the intermingling of populations and the like are thus frequently represented in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of genealogies . The " sons " of a " See also:

• FATHER

father " often stand merely for the branches of a family as they existed at some one See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and since in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time tribal relations would vary, lists which have originated at different periods will See also:

• PRESENT

present discrepancies . It is obvious that many of the Biblical names are nothing more than personifications of nations, tribes, towns, &c., which are grouped together to convey some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of. the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond by which they were believed to be connected . For the personification of a See also:

• PEOPLE

people or tribe, cp . Gen. xxxiv.30 (" See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob said . . . I am a few men "), Josh. xvii . 14 (" the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph said .

. . I am a numerous people "), Ex. xiv . 25 (" See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt said, let me flee "), Jos. ix . 7, I Sam. v. to, &c.; see G . B . See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray on See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers, xx . 14 (Internat . Crit . See also:

• COMM

Comm.) . Thus we find among the " sons " of Japhet: (the nations) See also:

• GOMER

Gomer, Javan, Tubal; See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan " begat " See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon and Heth; the " sons " of See also:

• ISHMAEL (a Hebrew name meaning " God hears ")

Ishmael include the well-known tribes Kedar and Jetur; Jacob, or the synonym See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, personifies the " children of Israel " (cf. use of " I," " See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou " of the Israelites in Deut., and in poetical passages) . The recognition of this characteristic usage often furnishes an ethnological See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation to those genealogical stories which obviously do not relate to persons, but to tribes or peoples personified . The Edomites and Israelites are regarded as " See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers " (cf .

Num. xx . 14, Deut. ii . 4, Am. i . 1 t), and since See also:

• ESAU

Esau (See also:

• EDOM

Edom) was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born before Jacob (Israel) it would appear that the Edomites were held to be the older nation . The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of two clans is expressed as a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, or the wife is the territory which is dominated by the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband (tribe) ; see See also:

• CALEB (Heb. keleb, " dog ")

CALEB . If the woman is not of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BLOOD

blood, but is a handmaiden or concubine, her children are naturally not upon the same footing as those of the wife; consequently the descendants of Ishmael, the son of Hagar Sarah's maid), are inferior to See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac and his descendants, whilst the children of Keturah (" See also:

• INCENSE

incense "), See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham's concubine, are still See also:

• LOWER

lower—from the Israelite point of view . This application of the terms of relationship is characteristic of the Semites . The " father " of the See also:

• RECHABITES, or SONS OF RECHAB

Rechabites is their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head or founder (cf . 1 Sam. x . 12: " who is their father?"), and a See also:

• COMMON

common bond, which is not necessarily See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical, unites all " sons," whether they are " sons of the prophets (members of prophetic guilds) or " sons of Belial " (worthless men) . The interpretation of ethnological or statistical genealogies may easily be pushed too far . Every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case has to be judged upon 574 its own merits, and due See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance must be made both for the ambition of the weaker to claim or to strengthen an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the stronger, and for the not unnatural desire of clans or individuals to magnify the greatness of their ancestry .

The first step must always be the careful comparison of related lists in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to test the consistency of the tradition . Next, these must be critically studied in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of all available See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical material, though indeed such See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is not necessarily conclusive . Finally, (a) See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism must be employed to determine if possible the See also:

• DATES

dates of such lists, since obviously a contemporary See also:

• REGISTER

register is more trustworthy than one which is centuries later; (b) a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical estimate of the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the names and of their use in various periods of Old Testament history is of importance in estimating the antiquity of the list'—for examine, many of the names in See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles attributed to the time of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David are indubitably exilic or See also:

• POST

post-exilic; and (c) principles of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary historical See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability are as necessary here as in dealing with the genealogies of other ancient peoples, and See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention must be paid to such features as fluctuation in the number of links, See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of theories inconsistent with the growth of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• LIFE

life, schemes of relationship not in accordance with sociological conditions, &c . The Biblical genealogies commence with " the generations of the See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth," and by a See also:

• PROCESS

process of elimination pass from See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam and See also:

• EVE

Eve by successive steps to Jacob and to his sons (the tribes), and finally to the subdivisions of each tribe (cp . Chron. i.–ix . I) . According to this theory every Israelite could trace back his descent to Jacob, the common father of the whole nation (Josh. vii . 17 seq., i Sam. x . 21) . Such a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, however, is full of See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest improbabilities . It demands that every tribe and every See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan should have been a homogeneous See also:

• GROUP

group which had preserved its unity from the earliest times, that family records extending back for several centuries were in existence, and that such a tribe as See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon was able to maintain its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence in spite of the tradition that it lost its See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy in very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times (Gen. xlix . '7) .

The whole conception of the unity of the tribes cannot be referred to a date previous to the time of David, and in the older writings a David or a See also:

• JEROBOAM (Heb. ydrob`dm, apparently " Am ['the clan,' here perhaps a divine name] contends "; LXX. iepof3oaµ)

Jeroboam was sufficiently described as the son of See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse or of Nebat . The genealogical zeal as represented in the Old Testament is chiefly of later growth, and the exceptions are due to See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation (Josh. vii . 118, contrast v . 24), or to the desire to modify or qualify an older See also:

• NOTICE

notice . This, in the case of See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul (I Sam. ix . I), has led to textual corruption; a list of such a length as his should have reached back to one of the " sons " of See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin (cf. e.g . Gen. xlvi . 21),-else it were purposeless . The genealogies, too, are often inconsistent amongst themselves and in See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction to their See also:

• OBJECT

object . They show, for example, that the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• JUDAH

Judah, so far from being " Israelite " was See also:

• HALF

half-Edomite (see JUDAH), and several of the clans in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear names which indicate their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with See also:

• MIDIAN (properly Madyan, so Sept.)

Midian or Edom . Moreover, there was a See also:

• FREE

free intermixture of races, and many cities had a Canaanite (i.e. pre-Israelite) population which must have been gradually absorbed by the Israelites (cf . Judg. i.) .

That spirit of religious exclusiveness which marked later Judaism did not become prominent before the Deuteronomic See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation (see See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

DEUTERONOMY), and it is under its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence that the writings begin to emphasize the importance of maintaining the purity of Israelite blood, although by this time the See also:

• FUSION

fusion was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete (see Judg. iii . 6) and for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes a distinction between Canaanites and Israelites within the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine could scarcely be discerned . Many of the genealogical data are intricate . Thus, the' interpretation of Gen. xxxiv. is particularly obscure (see See also:

• LEVITES

LEVITES ad fin.; SIMEDN) . As regards the sons of Jacob, it is difficult to explain their division among the four wives of Jacob; viz . (a) the sons of . Leah are See also:

• REUBEN

Reuben, Simeon, See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi and Judah (S . Palestine), See also:

• ISSACHAR (a Hebrew name meaning apparently " there is a hire," or " reward ")

Issachar and See also:

• ZEBULUN

Zebulun (in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north), and Dinah (associated with See also:

• SHECHEM (mod. Nablus)

Shechem) (b) of Leah's maid Zilpah, See also:

• GAD

Gad and See also:

• ASHER

Asher (E. and N . Palestine); (c) of See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel, Joseph (See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh and See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim, i.e. central Palestine) and Benjamin; (d) of Rachel's maid Bilhah, See also:

• DAN

Dan and See also:

• NAPHTALI

Naphtali ' G . B . Gray's See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Proper Names (1896), with his See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the . Expositor (See also:

• SEPT

Sept .

1897), pp . 173-190, should be consulted for the application and range of Hebrew names in O.T. genealogies and lists.(N . Palestine) . It has been urged that (b) and (d) stood upon a lower footing than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, or were of later origin; or that Bilhah points to an old clan associated with Reuben (Gen. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 22) or Edom (Bilhan, Gen. See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 27), whilst Zilpah represents an Aramaean See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain . Tradition may have combined distinct schemes, and the belief that the wives were Aramaean at least coincides with the circumstance that Aramaean elements predominated in certain of the twelve tribes . The number " twelve " is artificial and can be obtained only by counting Manasseh and Ephraim as one or by omitting Levi, and a careful study of Old Testament history makes it extremely difficult to recover the tribes as historical See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units . See, on these points, the articles on the several tribes, B . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, Zeit. d. See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies/ . Wissens . (1901), pp .

I sqq.; G . B . Gray, Expositor (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1902), pp . 225-240, and in Ency . Bib., See also:

• ART

art . " Tribes "; and H . W . See also:

• HOGG, JAMES (1770-1835)
• HOGG, THOMAS JEFFERSON (1792–1862)

Hogg's thorough treatment of the tribes in the last-mentioned See also:

• WORK

work . The ideal of purity of descent shows itself conspicuously in portions of Deuteronomic See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (Deut. vii . I-3, See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 2-8), and in the reforms of See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah and See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra (Ezr. ix . 1-4, 11 sqq.; Neh. xiii .

1-3) . The desire to prove the continuity of the See also:

• RACE

race, gnforced by the experience of the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, gave the impetus to genealogical zeal, and many of the extant lists proceed from this See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age when the true historical See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of names was a memory of the past . This applies with See also:

• SPECIAL

special force to the lists in Chronicles which present finished schemes of the Levitical divisions by the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of earlier attempts, with consequent confusion and contradiction . Thus the immediate ancestors of Ethan appear in the time of See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah (2 Chron. See also:

• XXIX

xxix . 12), but he with Asaiah and Heman are contemporaries of David, and their genealogies from Levi down-wards contain a very unequal number of links (I Chron. vi.) . By another application of genealogical method the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the institution of priests and Levites by David (I Chron. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) presents many names which belong solely to post-exilic days, thus suggesting that the See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes desired to show that the See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable families of their time were not unknown centuries previously . Everywhere we find the results of much skill and labour, often in accordance with definite theories, but a thorough investigation reveals their weakness and often quite incidentally furnishes valuable evidence of another nature . The intricate Levitical genealogies betray the result of successive genealogists who sought to give effect to the development of the hierarchal See also:

• SYSTEM

system (see LEvITEs) . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax is reached when all Levites are traced back to Gershon, Kehath and 1\ilerari, to which are ascribed respectively See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph, Heman and Ethan (or Jeduthun) . The last two were not originally I.evites in the later accepted sense of the See also:

• TERM

term (see I See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings iv . 31) . To Kehath is reckoned an important subdivision descended from Korah, but in 2 Chron. xx .

19 the two are distinct groups, and Korah's name is that of an Edomite clan (Gen. xxxvi . 5, 14, 18) related to Caleb, and thus included among the descendants of Judah (1 Chron. ii . 43) . Cases of See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment, re-See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution and " Levitizing " of individuals are frequent . There are traces of varying divisions both of the singers (Neh. xi . 17) and of the Levites (Num. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 58; Ezr. ii . 40, iii . 9; I Chron. xv . 5-1o, xxiii.), and it is noteworthy that in the case of the latter we have mention of such families as Hebroni (Hebronite), Libni (from Libnah) —ethnics of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Judaean towns . In fact, a significant number of Levitical names find their See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in the lists of names belonging to Judah, Simeon and even Edom, or are closely connected with the family of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses; e.g . Mushi (i.e .

Mosaite),Gershon and Eleazar(cp . Gershom and Eliezer, sons of Moses) . The Levites bear a class-name, and the genealogies show that many of them were connected with the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor clans and families of South Palestine which included among them Moses and his See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin . Hence, it is not unnatural that Obed-edom, for example, obviously a southerner, should have been reckoned later as a Levite, and the work ascribed by the chronicler's history to the closing years of David's life may be influenced by the tradition that it was through him these mixed populations first attained importance . See further DAVID; See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

JEWS; LEVITES . In the time of Joseph'us every See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest was supposed to be able to prove his descent, and perhaps from the time of Ezra down-wards lists were carefully kept . But when See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna is called an Asherite (See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke ii . 36), or See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul a Benjamite (Rom. xi . 1), family tradition was probably the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole support to the claim, although the tribal feeling had not become entirely See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The genealogies of Jesus prefixed to two of the gospels are intended to prove that He was a son of David . But not that alone, for in Matt. i. he is traced back to Abraham the father of the Jews, whilst in Luke iii . He, as the second Adam, is traced back to the first See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man .

The two lists are hopelessly inconsistent; not because one of them follows the See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, but because they represent See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent attempts . That in See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew is characteristically arranged in three See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of fourteen generations each through the kings of Judah, whilst Luke's passes through an almost unknown son of David; in spite of this, however, both converge in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Zerubbabel . See further, A . C . See also:

• HERVEY, JAMES (1714–1758)

Hervey, Genealogies of Our See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord; H. von See also:

• SODEN
• SODEN, HERMANN, FREIHERR VON (1852- )

Soden, Ency . Bib. ii. See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 1666 sqq.; B . W . See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' Dict . Bib. ii. pp . 138 seq . On the subject generally see J .

F . M'Lennan's Studies (2nd see., ch. ix., " fabricated genealogies ") ; S . A . See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, Ency . Bib. ii. col . 1657 sqq . (with references) ; W . R . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Kinship and Marriage (2nd ed., especially ch. i.) . (S . A . C.) 2 .

See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Genealogies.—A passing reference only is needed to the intricate genealogies of gods and sons of gods which form so conspicuous a feature in classical literature.' In every one of the numerous states into which ancient Greece was divided there were aristocratic families, whose genealogies as a See also:

• RULE

rule went back to prehistoric times, their first ancestor being some See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of divine descent, from whom, or from some distinguished younger ancestor, they derived their names . Many of these families were, as families, undoubtedly of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity even at the beginning of the historical period; and in several instances they continued to maintain a conspicuous and See also:

• SEPARATE

separate existence for centuries . The See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of family See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride is prominent in the See also:

• POETRY

poetry of the Megarian Theognis; and in an inscription belonging to the and See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. the recipient of certain honours from the community of See also:

• GYTHIUM

Gythium is represented as the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-ninth in See also:

• DIRECT

direct descent from the Dioscuri and the See also:

• FORTY

forty-first from Heracles . Even in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the constitution had become thoroughly democratic, some of the clans continued to be known as See also:

• EUPATRIDAE (Gr. di, well; 7raTijp, father, i.e. " Sons of noble fathers ")

Eupatridae (of noble family); and See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

Alcibiades, for example, as a member of the phratria of the Eurysacidae, traced his origin through many generations to Eurysaces, who was represented as having been the first of the Aeacidae to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . The Corinthian Bacchiadae traced their descent back to Heracles, but took their name from Bacchis, a younger ancestor . It is very doubtful, however, whether such pedigrees as this were very seriously put forward by those who claimed them; and it is certain that, almost along the whole line, they were unsupported by evidence ? We have the authority of See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux (viii . 111) for stating that the Athenian 7EVrt, of which there were thirty in each Oparpia, were organized without any exclusive regard being had to blood-relationship; they were constantly receiving accessions from without; and the public written registers of births, adoptions and the like do not appear to have been pre-served with such care as would have made it possible to verify a pedigree for any considerable portion even of the strictly historical period.' The great antiquity of the early Roman (patrician) gentes, who universally traced themselves hack to illustrious ancestors, is indisputable; and the rigid exclusiveness with which each pre-served its hereditates gcntiliciae or sacra gentilicia is sufficiently illustrated by the fact that towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic there were not more than fifty patrician families (See also:

• DION

Dion . See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle. i . 85) . Yet even in these it is obvious that, owing to the frequency of resort to the well-recognized practice of See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, while there was every See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee for the historical identity of the family, there was none (documents apart) for the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy of the individual . There is no evidence that sufficient records of ' On the subject generally see articles " Genos " and " Gens," by A .

H . Greenidge, in Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed., 1890), where the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities are given . 2 The fondness of See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides for genealogies is ridiculed by See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes (Acharnians, 47) . ' All the earlier Greek historians appear to have constructed their narratives on assumed genealogical bases . The four books of Hecataeus of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus dealt respectively with the traditions about See also:

• DEUCALION

Deucalion, about Heracles and the See also:

• HERACLIDAE

Heraclidae, about the early settlements in See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus, and about those in See also:

• ASIA

Asia Minor; he further made a pedigree for himself, in which his sixteenth ancestor was a See also:

• GOD

god . The See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• HELLANICUS

Hellanicus of See also:

• LESBOS (Mytilene, Turk. Midullu)

Lesbos See also:

• BORE

bore titles (Jevicaauovema and the like) which sufficiently explain their nature; his See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, Damastes of Sigeum, was the author of genealogical histories of Trojan heroes; See also:

• APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus of Athens made use of three books of Peveaaoyuca by Acusilaus of See also:

• ARGOS

Argos; Pherecydes of Leros also wrote . -yeveaXo-ytac . See J . A . F . See also:

• TOPFFER, RODOLPHE (1799-1846)

Topffer, Attische Genealogic 8889); alo J . H .

See also:

• SCHUBART, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH DANIEL (1739-1791)

Schubart, Quaestt. geneal. historicae (1832); . Marcksoheffel, De genealogica Graecorum poesi (184o).pedigree were kept during the earlier centuries of the Roman See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth, although the leading houses See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up genealogical tables, and their family pedigree was painted on the walls of the entrance See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall . In later times, it is true, even plebeian families began to establish a prescriptive right (known as the See also:

• JUS

jus imaginum) to preserve in small wooden shrines in their halls the busts (or rather, See also:

• WAX

wax portrait masks fastened on to busts) of those of their members who had attained to See also:

• CURULE (Lat. currus, " chariot ")

curule See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and to exhibit these in public on appropriate occasions . Under these imagines majorum' it became usual to inscribe on the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall their respective tituli, the relationship of each to each being indicated by means of connecting lines; and thus arose the stemmata gentilicia, which at a later time began to be copied into family records . In the case of plebeian families (whose stemmata in no case went farther back than 366 B.c.) these written genealogies were probably trustworthy enough; but in the case of See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians who went back to See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas,' so much cannot, it is obvious, be said; and from a comparatively early period it was clearly recognized that such records See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent themselves too readily to the devices of the falsifier and the forger to deserve confidence or reverence (See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, H.N. xxxv . 2; Juv. viii . 1) . Thus, parvenus were known to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the busts of fictitious ancestors in the shrines and to engage needy literary men to trace back their descent even to Aeneas himself . The many and great social changes which marked the closing centuries of the Western See also:

• EMPIRE

empire almost invariably militated with great strength against the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of an See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; and from the time of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the dignity of patrician ceased to be hereditary s 3 . See also:

• MODERN

Modern.—Two forces have combined to give genealogy its importance during the period of modern history: the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, particularly those which govern the descent of real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and the desire to assert the privileges of a hereditary aristocracy . But it is long before genealogies are found in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of private families . The succession of kings and princes are in the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle See also:

• BOOK

book; the line of the founders and patrons of abbeys are recorded by the monks with curious embellishment of See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend .

But the famous suit of See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope against . Grosvenor will illustrate the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of private genealogies in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1385 See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Scrope, lord. of See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton, displaying his banner in the See also:

• HOST

host that invaded See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, found that his arms of a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• BEND

bend in a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field were See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate, one Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Grosvenor . He carried the dispute to a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, whose decision in his favour was confirmed on See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Grosvenor asserted that he derived his right from an ancestor, Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Grosvenor, who had come over with the Conqueror, while an intervening claimant, a Cornish See also:

• SQUIRE

squire named See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Carminowe, boasted that his own ancestors had borne the like arms since the days of King See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Table . It is remarkable that in support of the false statements made by the claimants no written genealogy is produced . The evidence of tombs and monuments and the reports of ancient men are advanced, but no pedigree is exhibited in a case which hangs upon genealogy . It is possible that the art of pedigree-making had its first impulse in England from the many genealogies constructed to make men See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the claims of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, a second See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of such royal pedigrees being raised in later generations during the contests of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster . But it is not until after the close of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages that genealogies multiply in men's houses and are collected into volumes . The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, knight or squire, although proud of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of his race, was content to let it rest upon legend handed down the ' The chief authority on this subject is See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius (vi . 53) ; see also T . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht, i .

(1887), p . 442 . ' At the funeral of