See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, See also:

• FAMILY

family, and Vryos, theory)  , a See also:

• PEDIGREE

pedigree or See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of ancestors, or 'the study of See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• HISTORY

history . 1 . Biblical Genealogies.—The aims and methods of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient genealogists require to be carefully considered before the value of the numerous ancestral lists in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible can be properly estimated . Many of the old " genealogies," like those of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, have arisen from the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to explain the origin of the various See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups which they include . See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

Information See also:

• RELATING

relating to the sub-See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of tribes, their relation to each other, the intermingling of populations and the like are thus frequently represented in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of genealogies . The " sons " of a " See also:

• FATHER

father " often stand merely for the branches of a family as they existed at some one See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and since in course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time tribal relations would vary, lists which have originated at different periods will See also:

• PRESENT

present discrepancies . It is obvious that many of the Biblical names are nothing more than personifications of nations, tribes, towns, &c., which are grouped together to convey some See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of. the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond by which they were believed to be connected . For the personification of a See also:

• PEOPLE

people or tribe, cp . Gen. xxxiv.30 (" See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob said . . . I am a few men "), Josh. xvii . 14 (" the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph said .

. . I am a numerous people "), Ex. xiv . 25 (" See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt said, let me flee "), Jos. ix . 7, I Sam. v. to, &c.; see G . B . See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray on See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers, xx . 14 (Internat . Crit . See also:

• COMM

Comm.) . Thus we find among the " sons " of Japhet: (the nations) See also:

• GOMER

Gomer, Javan, Tubal; See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan " begat " See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon and Heth; the " sons " of See also:

• ISHMAEL (a Hebrew name meaning " God hears ")

Ishmael include the well-known tribes Kedar and Jetur; Jacob, or the synonym See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, personifies the " children of Israel " (cf. use of " I," " See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou " of the Israelites in Deut., and in poetical passages) . The recognition of this characteristic usage often furnishes an ethnological See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation to those genealogical stories which obviously do not relate to persons, but to tribes or peoples personified . The Edomites and Israelites are regarded as " See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers " (cf .

Num. xx . 14, Deut. ii . 4, Am. i . 1 t), and since See also:

• ESAU

Esau (See also:

• EDOM

Edom) was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born before Jacob (Israel) it would appear that the Edomites were held to be the older nation . The See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of two clans is expressed as a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, or the wife is the territory which is dominated by the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband (tribe) ; see See also:

• CALEB (Heb. keleb, " dog ")

CALEB . If the woman is not of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• BLOOD

blood, but is a handmaiden or concubine, her children are naturally not upon the same footing as those of the wife; consequently the descendants of Ishmael, the son of Hagar Sarah's maid), are inferior to See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac and his descendants, whilst the children of Keturah (" See also:

• INCENSE

incense "), See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham's concubine, are still See also:

• LOWER

lower—from the Israelite point of view . This application of the terms of relationship is characteristic of the Semites . The " father " of the See also:

• RECHABITES, or SONS OF RECHAB

Rechabites is their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head or founder (cf . 1 Sam. x . 12: " who is their father?"), and a See also:

• COMMON

common bond, which is not necessarily See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical, unites all " sons," whether they are " sons of the prophets (members of prophetic guilds) or " sons of Belial " (worthless men) . The interpretation of ethnological or statistical genealogies may easily be pushed too far . Every See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case has to be judged upon 574 its own merits, and due See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance must be made both for the ambition of the weaker to claim or to strengthen an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the stronger, and for the not unnatural desire of clans or individuals to magnify the greatness of their ancestry .

The first step must always be the careful comparison of related lists in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to test the consistency of the tradition . Next, these must be critically studied in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of all available See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical material, though indeed such See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is not necessarily conclusive . Finally, (a) See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism must be employed to determine if possible the See also:

• DATES

dates of such lists, since obviously a contemporary See also:

• REGISTER

register is more trustworthy than one which is centuries later; (b) a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical estimate of the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the names and of their use in various periods of Old Testament history is of importance in estimating the antiquity of the list'—for examine, many of the names in See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles attributed to the time of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David are indubitably exilic or See also:

• POST

post-exilic; and (c) principles of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary historical See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability are as necessary here as in dealing with the genealogies of other ancient peoples, and See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention must be paid to such features as fluctuation in the number of links, See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of theories inconsistent with the growth of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• LIFE

life, schemes of relationship not in accordance with sociological conditions, &c . The Biblical genealogies commence with " the generations of the See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth," and by a See also:

• PROCESS

process of elimination pass from See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam and See also:

• EVE

Eve by successive steps to Jacob and to his sons (the tribes), and finally to the subdivisions of each tribe (cp . Chron. i.–ix . I) . According to this theory every Israelite could trace back his descent to Jacob, the common father of the whole nation (Josh. vii . 17 seq., i Sam. x . 21) . Such a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, however, is full of See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest improbabilities . It demands that every tribe and every See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan should have been a homogeneous See also:

• GROUP

group which had preserved its unity from the earliest times, that family records extending back for several centuries were in existence, and that such a tribe as See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon was able to maintain its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence in spite of the tradition that it lost its See also:

• AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy in very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times (Gen. xlix . '7) .

The whole conception of the unity of the tribes cannot be referred to a date previous to the time of David, and in the older writings a David or a See also:

• JEROBOAM (Heb. ydrob`dm, apparently " Am ['the clan,' here perhaps a divine name] contends "; LXX. iepof3oaµ)

Jeroboam was sufficiently described as the son of See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse or of Nebat . The genealogical zeal as represented in the Old Testament is chiefly of later growth, and the exceptions are due to See also:

• INTERPOLATION (from Lat. interpolare, to alter, or insert something fresh, connected with pollee, a polish)

interpolation (Josh. vii . 118, contrast v . 24), or to the desire to modify or qualify an older See also:

• NOTICE

notice . This, in the case of See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul (I Sam. ix . I), has led to textual corruption; a list of such a length as his should have reached back to one of the " sons " of See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin (cf. e.g . Gen. xlvi . 21),-else it were purposeless . The genealogies, too, are often inconsistent amongst themselves and in See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction to their See also:

• OBJECT

object . They show, for example, that the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• JUDAH

Judah, so far from being " Israelite " was See also:

• HALF

half-Edomite (see JUDAH), and several of the clans in this See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear names which indicate their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity with See also:

• MIDIAN (properly Madyan, so Sept.)

Midian or Edom . Moreover, there was a See also:

• FREE

free intermixture of races, and many cities had a Canaanite (i.e. pre-Israelite) population which must have been gradually absorbed by the Israelites (cf . Judg. i.) .

That spirit of religious exclusiveness which marked later Judaism did not become prominent before the Deuteronomic See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation (see See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

DEUTERONOMY), and it is under its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence that the writings begin to emphasize the importance of maintaining the purity of Israelite blood, although by this time the See also:

• FUSION

fusion was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete (see Judg. iii . 6) and for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes a distinction between Canaanites and Israelites within the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine could scarcely be discerned . Many of the genealogical data are intricate . Thus, the' interpretation of Gen. xxxiv. is particularly obscure (see See also:

• LEVITES

LEVITES ad fin.; SIMEDN) . As regards the sons of Jacob, it is difficult to explain their division among the four wives of Jacob; viz . (a) the sons of . Leah are See also:

• REUBEN

Reuben, Simeon, See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi and Judah (S . Palestine), See also:

• ISSACHAR (a Hebrew name meaning apparently " there is a hire," or " reward ")

Issachar and See also:

• ZEBULUN

Zebulun (in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north), and Dinah (associated with See also:

• SHECHEM (mod. Nablus)

Shechem) (b) of Leah's maid Zilpah, See also:

• GAD

Gad and See also:

• ASHER

Asher (E. and N . Palestine); (c) of See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel, Joseph (See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh and See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim, i.e. central Palestine) and Benjamin; (d) of Rachel's maid Bilhah, See also:

• DAN

Dan and See also:

• NAPHTALI

Naphtali ' G . B . Gray's See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Proper Names (1896), with his See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the . Expositor (See also:

• SEPT

Sept .

1897), pp . 173-190, should be consulted for the application and range of Hebrew names in O.T. genealogies and lists.(N . Palestine) . It has been urged that (b) and (d) stood upon a lower footing than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, or were of later origin; or that Bilhah points to an old clan associated with Reuben (Gen. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 22) or Edom (Bilhan, Gen. See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 27), whilst Zilpah represents an Aramaean See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain . Tradition may have combined distinct schemes, and the belief that the wives were Aramaean at least coincides with the circumstance that Aramaean elements predominated in certain of the twelve tribes . The number " twelve " is artificial and can be obtained only by counting Manasseh and Ephraim as one or by omitting Levi, and a careful study of Old Testament history makes it extremely difficult to recover the tribes as historical See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units . See, on these points, the articles on the several tribes, B . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, Zeit. d. See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies/ . Wissens . (1901), pp .

I sqq.; G . B . Gray, Expositor (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1902), pp . 225-240, and in Ency . Bib., See also:

• ART

art . " Tribes "; and H . W . See also:

• HOGG, JAMES (1770-1835)
• HOGG, THOMAS JEFFERSON (1792–1862)

Hogg's thorough treatment of the tribes in the last-mentioned See also:

• WORK

work . The ideal of purity of descent shows itself conspicuously in portions of Deuteronomic See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (Deut. vii . I-3, See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 2-8), and in the reforms of See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah and See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra (Ezr. ix . 1-4, 11 sqq.; Neh. xiii .

1-3) . The desire to prove the continuity of the See also:

• RACE

race, gnforced by the experience of the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, gave the impetus to genealogical zeal, and many of the extant lists proceed from this See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age when the true historical See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of names was a memory of the past . This applies with See also:

• SPECIAL

special force to the lists in Chronicles which present finished schemes of the Levitical divisions by the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of earlier attempts, with consequent confusion and contradiction . Thus the immediate ancestors of Ethan appear in the time of See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah (2 Chron. See also:

• XXIX

xxix . 12), but he with Asaiah and Heman are contemporaries of David, and their genealogies from Levi down-wards contain a very unequal number of links (I Chron. vi.) . By another application of genealogical method the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the institution of priests and Levites by David (I Chron. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) presents many names which belong solely to post-exilic days, thus suggesting that the See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes desired to show that the See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable families of their time were not unknown centuries previously . Everywhere we find the results of much skill and labour, often in accordance with definite theories, but a thorough investigation reveals their weakness and often quite incidentally furnishes valuable evidence of another nature . The intricate Levitical genealogies betray the result of successive genealogists who sought to give effect to the development of the hierarchal See also:

• SYSTEM

system (see LEvITEs) . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax is reached when all Levites are traced back to Gershon, Kehath and 1\ilerari, to which are ascribed respectively See also:

• ASAPH

Asaph, Heman and Ethan (or Jeduthun) . The last two were not originally I.evites in the later accepted sense of the See also:

• TERM

term (see I See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings iv . 31) . To Kehath is reckoned an important subdivision descended from Korah, but in 2 Chron. xx .

19 the two are distinct groups, and Korah's name is that of an Edomite clan (Gen. xxxvi . 5, 14, 18) related to Caleb, and thus included among the descendants of Judah (1 Chron. ii . 43) . Cases of See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment, re-See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution and " Levitizing " of individuals are frequent . There are traces of varying divisions both of the singers (Neh. xi . 17) and of the Levites (Num. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 58; Ezr. ii . 40, iii . 9; I Chron. xv . 5-1o, xxiii.), and it is noteworthy that in the case of the latter we have mention of such families as Hebroni (Hebronite), Libni (from Libnah) —ethnics of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Judaean towns . In fact, a significant number of Levitical names find their See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in the lists of names belonging to Judah, Simeon and even Edom, or are closely connected with the family of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses; e.g . Mushi (i.e .

Mosaite),Gershon and Eleazar(cp . Gershom and Eliezer, sons of Moses) . The Levites bear a class-name, and the genealogies show that many of them were connected with the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor clans and families of South Palestine which included among them Moses and his See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin . Hence, it is not unnatural that Obed-edom, for example, obviously a southerner, should have been reckoned later as a Levite, and the work ascribed by the chronicler's history to the closing years of David's life may be influenced by the tradition that it was through him these mixed populations first attained importance . See further DAVID; See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

JEWS; LEVITES . In the time of Joseph'us every See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest was supposed to be able to prove his descent, and perhaps from the time of Ezra down-wards lists were carefully kept . But when See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna is called an Asherite (See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke ii . 36), or See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul a Benjamite (Rom. xi . 1), family tradition was probably the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole support to the claim, although the tribal feeling had not become entirely See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The genealogies of Jesus prefixed to two of the gospels are intended to prove that He was a son of David . But not that alone, for in Matt. i. he is traced back to Abraham the father of the Jews, whilst in Luke iii . He, as the second Adam, is traced back to the first See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man .

The two lists are hopelessly inconsistent; not because one of them follows the See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, but because they represent See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent attempts . That in See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew is characteristically arranged in three See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of fourteen generations each through the kings of Judah, whilst Luke's passes through an almost unknown son of David; in spite of this, however, both converge in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Zerubbabel . See further, A . C . See also:

• HERVEY, JAMES (1714–1758)

Hervey, Genealogies of Our See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord; H. von See also:

• SODEN
• SODEN, HERMANN, FREIHERR VON (1852- )

Soden, Ency . Bib. ii. See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 1666 sqq.; B . W . See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' Dict . Bib. ii. pp . 138 seq . On the subject generally see J .

F . M'Lennan's Studies (2nd see., ch. ix., " fabricated genealogies ") ; S . A . See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, Ency . Bib. ii. col . 1657 sqq . (with references) ; W . R . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Kinship and Marriage (2nd ed., especially ch. i.) . (S . A . C.) 2 .

See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Genealogies.—A passing reference only is needed to the intricate genealogies of gods and sons of gods which form so conspicuous a feature in classical literature.' In every one of the numerous states into which ancient Greece was divided there were aristocratic families, whose genealogies as a See also:

• RULE

rule went back to prehistoric times, their first ancestor being some See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of divine descent, from whom, or from some distinguished younger ancestor, they derived their names . Many of these families were, as families, undoubtedly of See also:

• GREAT

great antiquity even at the beginning of the historical period; and in several instances they continued to maintain a conspicuous and See also:

• SEPARATE

separate existence for centuries . The See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of family See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride is prominent in the See also:

• POETRY

poetry of the Megarian Theognis; and in an inscription belonging to the and See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. the recipient of certain honours from the community of See also:

• GYTHIUM

Gythium is represented as the See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-ninth in See also:

• DIRECT

direct descent from the Dioscuri and the See also:

• FORTY

forty-first from Heracles . Even in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the constitution had become thoroughly democratic, some of the clans continued to be known as See also:

• EUPATRIDAE (Gr. di, well; 7raTijp, father, i.e. " Sons of noble fathers ")

Eupatridae (of noble family); and See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

Alcibiades, for example, as a member of the phratria of the Eurysacidae, traced his origin through many generations to Eurysaces, who was represented as having been the first of the Aeacidae to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica . The Corinthian Bacchiadae traced their descent back to Heracles, but took their name from Bacchis, a younger ancestor . It is very doubtful, however, whether such pedigrees as this were very seriously put forward by those who claimed them; and it is certain that, almost along the whole line, they were unsupported by evidence ? We have the authority of See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux (viii . 111) for stating that the Athenian 7EVrt, of which there were thirty in each Oparpia, were organized without any exclusive regard being had to blood-relationship; they were constantly receiving accessions from without; and the public written registers of births, adoptions and the like do not appear to have been pre-served with such care as would have made it possible to verify a pedigree for any considerable portion even of the strictly historical period.' The great antiquity of the early Roman (patrician) gentes, who universally traced themselves hack to illustrious ancestors, is indisputable; and the rigid exclusiveness with which each pre-served its hereditates gcntiliciae or sacra gentilicia is sufficiently illustrated by the fact that towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic there were not more than fifty patrician families (See also:

• DION

Dion . See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle. i . 85) . Yet even in these it is obvious that, owing to the frequency of resort to the well-recognized practice of See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, while there was every See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee for the historical identity of the family, there was none (documents apart) for the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy of the individual . There is no evidence that sufficient records of ' On the subject generally see articles " Genos " and " Gens," by A .

H . Greenidge, in Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed., 1890), where the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities are given . 2 The fondness of See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides for genealogies is ridiculed by See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes (Acharnians, 47) . ' All the earlier Greek historians appear to have constructed their narratives on assumed genealogical bases . The four books of Hecataeus of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus dealt respectively with the traditions about See also:

• DEUCALION

Deucalion, about Heracles and the See also:

• HERACLIDAE

Heraclidae, about the early settlements in See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus, and about those in See also:

• ASIA

Asia Minor; he further made a pedigree for himself, in which his sixteenth ancestor was a See also:

• GOD

god . The See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• HELLANICUS

Hellanicus of See also:

• LESBOS (Mytilene, Turk. Midullu)

Lesbos See also:

• BORE

bore titles (Jevicaauovema and the like) which sufficiently explain their nature; his See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, Damastes of Sigeum, was the author of genealogical histories of Trojan heroes; See also:

• APOLLODORUS

Apollodorus of Athens made use of three books of Peveaaoyuca by Acusilaus of See also:

• ARGOS

Argos; Pherecydes of Leros also wrote . -yeveaXo-ytac . See J . A . F . See also:

• TOPFFER, RODOLPHE (1799-1846)

Topffer, Attische Genealogic 8889); alo J . H .

See also:

• SCHUBART, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH DANIEL (1739-1791)

Schubart, Quaestt. geneal. historicae (1832); . Marcksoheffel, De genealogica Graecorum poesi (184o).pedigree were kept during the earlier centuries of the Roman See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth, although the leading houses See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up genealogical tables, and their family pedigree was painted on the walls of the entrance See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall . In later times, it is true, even plebeian families began to establish a prescriptive right (known as the See also:

• JUS

jus imaginum) to preserve in small wooden shrines in their halls the busts (or rather, See also:

• WAX

wax portrait masks fastened on to busts) of those of their members who had attained to See also:

• CURULE (Lat. currus, " chariot ")

curule See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and to exhibit these in public on appropriate occasions . Under these imagines majorum' it became usual to inscribe on the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall their respective tituli, the relationship of each to each being indicated by means of connecting lines; and thus arose the stemmata gentilicia, which at a later time began to be copied into family records . In the case of plebeian families (whose stemmata in no case went farther back than 366 B.c.) these written genealogies were probably trustworthy enough; but in the case of See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians who went back to See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas,' so much cannot, it is obvious, be said; and from a comparatively early period it was clearly recognized that such records See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent themselves too readily to the devices of the falsifier and the forger to deserve confidence or reverence (See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, H.N. xxxv . 2; Juv. viii . 1) . Thus, parvenus were known to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the busts of fictitious ancestors in the shrines and to engage needy literary men to trace back their descent even to Aeneas himself . The many and great social changes which marked the closing centuries of the Western See also:

• EMPIRE

empire almost invariably militated with great strength against the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of an See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; and from the time of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the dignity of patrician ceased to be hereditary s 3 . See also:

• MODERN

Modern.—Two forces have combined to give genealogy its importance during the period of modern history: the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance, particularly those which govern the descent of real See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, and the desire to assert the privileges of a hereditary aristocracy . But it is long before genealogies are found in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of private families . The succession of kings and princes are in the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle See also:

• BOOK

book; the line of the founders and patrons of abbeys are recorded by the monks with curious embellishment of See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend .

But the famous suit of See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope against . Grosvenor will illustrate the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of private genealogies in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1385 See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Scrope, lord. of See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton, displaying his banner in the See also:

• HOST

host that invaded See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, found that his arms of a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• BEND

bend in a See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field were See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate, one Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Grosvenor . He carried the dispute to a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, whose decision in his favour was confirmed on See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . Grosvenor asserted that he derived his right from an ancestor, Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Grosvenor, who had come over with the Conqueror, while an intervening claimant, a Cornish See also:

• SQUIRE

squire named See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Carminowe, boasted that his own ancestors had borne the like arms since the days of King See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Table . It is remarkable that in support of the false statements made by the claimants no written genealogy is produced . The evidence of tombs and monuments and the reports of ancient men are advanced, but no pedigree is exhibited in a case which hangs upon genealogy . It is possible that the art of pedigree-making had its first impulse in England from the many genealogies constructed to make men See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the claims of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, a second See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of such royal pedigrees being raised in later generations during the contests of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster . But it is not until after the close of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages that genealogies multiply in men's houses and are collected into volumes . The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, knight or squire, although proud of the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of his race, was content to let it rest upon legend handed down the ' The chief authority on this subject is See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius (vi . 53) ; see also T . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht, i .

(1887), p . 442 . ' At the funeral of See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus the images of Aeneas, of the See also:

• ALBAN, SAINT

Alban kings, of See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus, of the See also:

• SABINE, SIR EDWARD (1788-1883)

Sabine nobles, of Attus Clausus, and of " the rest of the Claudians " were exhibited (Tac . See also:

• ANN

Ann. iv . 9) . e The Roman stemmata had, as will be seen afterwards, great See also:

• INTEREST

interest for the older modern genealogists . Reference may be made to J . Glandorp's Descriptio gentis Antoniae (1557); to the Descriptio gentis Juliae (1576) of the same author; and to J . Hiibner's Genealogische Tabellen . See also G . A . Ruperti's Tabulae genealogicae sive stemmata nobiliss. gent .

Rom . (1794) . (X.) generations . The exact line of his descent was sought only when it was demanded for a plea in the king's courts to support his See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to his lands . From the first the work of the genealogist in England had that taint of inaccuracy tempered with See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery from which it has not yet been cleansed . The medieval kings, like the Welsh gentry of later ages, traced their lines to the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, while lesser men, even as early as the 14th century, eagerly asserted their descent from a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion of the Conqueror . Yet beside these false imaginations we find the law courts, whose business was often a clash of pedigrees, dealing with genealogies centuries long which, constructed as it would seem from worthy evidences, will often bear the test of modern criticism . Genealogies in great plenty are found in See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts and printed volumes from the 16th century onward . Remarkable among these are the descents recorded in the Visitation Books of the heralds, who, armed with commissions from the crown, the first of which was issued in ao See also:

• HEN

Hen . VIII., perambulated the See also:

• ENGLISH

English counties, viewing arms and registering pedigrees . The notes in their register books range from the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration of a man's name and arms to entries of pedigrees many generations long . To the heralds these visitations were rare opportunities of obtaining fees from the visited, .and the value of the pedigrees registered is notably unequal .

Although it has always been the boast of the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Arms that Visitation records may be produced as evidence in the law courts, few of these officially recorded genealogies are wholly trustworthy . Many of the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of arms who recorded them were, even by the testimony of their comrades, of indifferent character, and even when the visiting See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald was an honourable man and an industrious he had little time to spare for the investigation of any single genealogy . Deeds and evidences in private hands may have been hastily examined in some instances—indeed, a herald's See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons 'invites their See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production—and monuments were often viewed in the churches, but for the most See also:

• PART

part men's memories and the hearsay of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-side made the backbone of the pedigree . The further the pedigree is carried beyond the memory of living men the less trustworthy does it become . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal visitations took place in the reigns of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II . No See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission has been issued since the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and Mary, but from that time onwards large numbers of genealogies have been recorded in the registers of the College of Arms, the modern ones being compiled with a care which contrasts remarkably with the unsupported statements of the Tudor heralds . Outside the doors of the College of Arms genealogy has now been for some centuries a favourite study of antiquaries, whose researches have been of the utmost value to the historian, the topographer and the biographer . See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County histories, following the example of See also:

• DUGDALE, SIR WILLIAM (16o5-1686)

Dugdale's See also:

• WARWICKSHIRE

Warwickshire folios, have given much space to the elucidation of genealogies and to the amassing of material from which they may be constructed . Dugdale's great work on the English baronage heads another host of works occupied with the genealogy of English noble families, and the second edition of " G.E.C.'s" Complete See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

Peerage shows the mighty advance of the modern critical spirit . Nevertheless, the 20th century has not yet seen the abandoning of all the genealogical fables nourished by the Elizabethan pedigree-mongers, and the ancestry of many noble houses as recorded in popular works of reference is still derived from mythical forefathers . Thus the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, who, by their office of See also:

• EARL

earl See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal are patrons of the heralds, are provided with a loth-century See also:

• HEREWARD

Hereward for an ancestor; the dukes of See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford, descendants of a 15th-century See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

burgess of See also:

• WEYMOUTH

Weymouth, are traced to the knightly See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell of See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston Russell, and the dukes of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster to the mythical Gilbert le Grosvenor who " came over in the See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of the Conqueror." Genealogical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research has, however, made great advance during the last See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . The critical spirit shown in such works as Round's Studies in Peerage and Family History (1901) has assailed with effective ridicule the methods of dishonest pedigree-makers .

Much raw material of genealogy has been made available for all by the publication of See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish registers, marriage-See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence allegations, monumental See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions and the like, and above all by the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of evidences contained in the volumes issued by the Public See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record Office . Within a small space it is impossible to set forth in detail the methods by which an English genealogy may be traced . But those who are setting out upon the task may be warned at the outset to avoid guesswork based upon the possession of a surname which may be shared by a dozen families between whom is no tie of kinship . A man whose family name is See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard may be presumed to descend from an ancestor for whom Howard was a personal name: it may not be presumed that this ancestor was he in whom the dukes of Norfolk have their origin . A genealogy should not be allowed to stray from facts which can be supported by evidence . A man may know that his See also:

• GRAND

grand-father was See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• STILES, EZRA (1727–1795)

Stiles who died in 185o at the age of fifty-five . It does not follow that this John is identical with the John Stiles who is found as baptized in 1795 at Blackacre, the son of William Stiles . But if John the grandfather names in his letters a See also:

• SISTER

sister named See also:

• ISABEL

Isabel See also:

• NOKES (NOKE, NOAK, NOAKES), JAMES (d. 1692)

Nokes, while the will of William Stiles gives legacies to his son and daughter John Stiles and Isabel Nokes, we may agree that reasonable See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof has been given of the added generation . A new pedigree should begin with the carefully tested statements of living members of a family . The next step should be to collate such family records as bible entries, letters and diaries, and inscriptions on See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning rings, with monumental inscriptions of acknowledged members of the family . From such beginnings the genealogist will continue his See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search through the registers of parishes with which the family has been connected; See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

wills and administrations registered in the various See also:

• PROBATE

probate courts form, with parish registers, the backbone of most middle-class family histories . Court rolls of manors in which members of the family were tenants give, when existing and accessible, proofs which may carry back a line, however obscure, through many descents .

When these have been exhausted the records of legal proceedings, and notably those of the court of See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery, may be searched . Few English households have been able in the past to avoid an appeal to the chancery court, and the See also:

• BILL

bill and See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer of a chancery See also:

• PLAINTIFF

plaintiff and See also:

• DEFENDANT

defendant will often tell the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of a family See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel in which a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of kinsfolk are involved, and the pleadings may contain the material for a family See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree of many branching generations . See also:

• CORAM, THOMAS (1668–1751)

Coram Rege and De Banco rolls may even, in the course of a dispute over a knight's See also:

• FEE

fee or a See also:

• MANOR

manor carry a pedigree to the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest of England, although such See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune can hardly be expected by the searcher out of an undistinguished line . In proving a genealogy it must be remembered that in the descent of an estate in See also:

• LAND

land must be sought the best evidence for a pedigree . At the present time the study of genealogy grows rapidly in English estimation . It is no less popular in See also:

• AMERICA

America, where See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies and private persons have of late years published a vast number of genealogies, many of which combine the results of laborious research in See also:

• AMERICAN

American records with extravagant and unfounded claims concerning the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European origin of the families dealt with . A family with the surname of See also:

• CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert has been known to See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail St Cuthbert of Lindisfarne as its progenitor, and one surnamed Eberhardt has incorporated in its pedigree such See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes of old times as were found to have Eberhardt for a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian name . !e Genealogy in modern France has, with a few honourable exceptions, fallen into the hands of the popular pedigree-makers, whose concern is to gratify the vanity of their employers . See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy likewise has not yet shaken off the influence of those venal genealogists who, three See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years ago, sold pedigrees cheaply to all comers . But much laborious genealogical inquiry had been made in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany since the days of See also:

• HUBNER, EMIL (1834-1901)
• HUBNER, JOSEPH ALEXANDER, COUNT (1811-1892)

Hubner, and even in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia there has been some See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to apply modern See also:

• STANDARDS

standards of criticism to the chronicles of the swarming descendants of the blood of Rurik . In no way is the See also:

• GAP

gap made by the Dark Ages between ancient and modern history more marked than by the fact that no European family makes a serious claim to See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge it with its genealogy . The unsupported claim of the Roman house of See also:

• MASSIMO, or MASSIMI

Massimo to a descent from See also:

• FABIUS

Fabius See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus is respectable beside such legends as that which made See also:

• LEVIS (formerly Pointe Levi)

Levis-Mirepoix head of the priestly tribe of Levi, but even the boast of such remote ancestry has now become rare .

The ancient See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign houses of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe are, for the most part, content to attach themselves to some ancestor who, when the mist that followed the fall of the Western empire begins to lift, is seen rallying with his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword some group of spearmen . AurxoRrrIEs.—Genealogical works have been published in such abundance that the See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHIES

bibliographies of the subject are already substantial volumes . Amongst the earlier books from the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press may be noted Benvenuto de See also:

• SAN

San Georgio's Montisferrati marchionum et principum regiae propagium successionumque series (1515); Pingonius's Arbor gentilitiae Sabaudiae Saxoniaeque domus (1521); See also:

• GEBWEILER (Fr. Guebwiller)

Gebweiler's See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

Epitome regii ac vetustissimi onus Caroli V. et Ferdinandi I., omniumque archiducum Austriae et comitum Habsburgiensium (1527); See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer's work on the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders (1531), and Du Boulay's genealogies of the dukes of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine (1547) . Later in the same century Reineck of Helmstadt put forth many works having a wider genealogical See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope, and we may cite Henninges's Genealogiae Saxonicae (1587) and Theatrum genealogicum (1598), and Reusner's See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

Opus genealogicum catholicum (1589–1592) . For the politically in-convenient falseness of See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois de Rosieres' Stemmata Lotharingiae ac Barri ducum (158o), wherein the dukes of Lorraine were deduced from the line of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, the author was sent to the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille by the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and his book suppressed . . The 17th century saw the production in England of Dugdale's great Baronage (1675–1676), a work which still holds a respectable place by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its See also:

• CITATION (Lat. citare, to cite)

citation of authorities, and of See also:

• SANDFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1294)

Sandford's history of the royal house . In the same century See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne, the historian of the Montmorencys, See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre d'See also:

• HOZIER, PIERRE

Hozier, the chronicler of the house of La Rochefoucauld, Rittershusius, Imhoff, Spener, Lohmeier and many others contribute to the See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental genealogies . Pierre de Guibours, known as Pere See also:

• ANSELME (Father Anselme of the Virgin Mary) (1625-1694)

Anselme de Ste See also:

• MARIE

Marie, published in 1674 the first edition of his magnificent Histoire genealogique de la maison royale de France, See also:

• DES

des pairs, grands officiers de la couronne et de la maison du See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

roy et des anciens barons du royaume . Of this encyclopaedic work a third and complete edition appeared in 1726–1733 . A modern edition under the editor-See also:

• SHIP

ship of M . Potier de Courcy began to be issued in 1873, but remains incomplete . Among 18th-century work Johann Hubner's Bibliotheca genealogica (1729) and Genealogische Tabellen (1725–1733), with Lenzen's commentary on the latter work (c .

1756), may be signalized, with Gatterer's Handbuch der Genealogie (1761) and his Abriss der Genealogie (1788), the latter an early See also:

• MANUAL

manual on the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of genealogy . Hergott's Genealogia diplomatica augustae geniis Habsburgicae (1737) is the imperial genealogy compiled by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's own historiographer . Modern peerages in England may be said to date from that of Arthur See also:

• COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729)
• COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908)
• COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1787–1847)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824–1889)

Collins, whose one-See also:

• VOLUME

volume first edition was published in 1709 . The fifth edition appeared in 1778, in eight volumes, to be republished in 1812 by Sir See also:

• EGERTON, SIR PHILIP DE MALPAS GREY

Egerton See also:

• BRYDGES, SIR SAMUEL EGERTON (1762-1837)

Brydges, the " Baptist See also:

• HATTON, JOHN LIPTROT (1809-1886)
• HATTON, SIR CHRISTOPHER (1540–1591)

Hatton " of Disraeli's novel, who corrected many legendary pedigrees, besides inserting his own forged descent from a common ancestor with the dukes of See also:

• CHANDOS, BARONS AND DUKES OF
• CHANDOS, SIR JOHN (?-137o)

Chandos . From this work and from the Irish peerage of See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge (as re-edited by Archdall) most of the later peerages have quarried their material . With these may be named the baronetages of See also:

• WOTTON, NICHOLAS (c. 1497–1567)
• WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568–1639)
• WOTTON, WILLIAM (1666-1727)

Wotton and Betham . Of modern popular peerages and See also:

• BARONET

baronet-ages that of See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke has been published since 1822 in many See also:

• EDITIONS

editions and now appears yearly . Most important for the historian are the Complete Peerage of G . E . C[ockayne] (2nd ed., 1910), and the Complete Baronetage of the same author . The Peerage of Scotland (1769) of Sir Robert See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas of Glenbervie came to a second edition in 1813, edited by J . P .

See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood, and the whole work has been revised and re-edited by Sir James See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour Paul (1904, &c.) . Of the popular manuals of English untitled families, Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Commoners (1833–1838) is now brought up to date from time to time and reissued as the Landed Gentry . Lists of pedigrees in English printed works are supplied by See also:

• MARSHALL
• MARSHALL, ALFRED (1842– )
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1755–1835)
• MARSHALL, JOHN (1818-1891)
• MARSHALL, STEPHEN (c. 1594-1655)

Marshall's Genealogist's See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide (1903), while pedigrees in the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript collections of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum are indexed in the list of R . See also:

• SIMS, GEORGE ROBERT (1847– )

Sims (1849) . Valuable genealogical material .will be found in such See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals as the Genealogist, the Herald and Genealogist, the Topographer and Genealogist, Collectanea topographica et genealogica, Miscellanea genealogica et heraldica and the Ancestor . In Germany the Deutscher See also:

• HEROLD, LOUIS JOSEPH FERDINAND (1791-1833)

Herold is the See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Heraldic and Genealogical Society . The Nederlandsche Leeuw is a similar publication in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . Modern criticism of the older genealogical methods will be found in J . H . Round's Peerage and Pedigree, 2 vols . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1910), and in other volumes by the same author . The Harleian Society has published many volumes of the Herald's Visitations; and the British Record Society's publications, supplying a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to a vast mass of wills, Chancery suits and marriage licences, are of still greater importance .

The See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria History of the Counties of England XI..19GENERAL 577 includes genealogies of the ancient English county families still among the land-owning classes . English pedigrees of the age before the Conquest are collected in W . G . Searle's Anglo-Saxon Bishops, Kings and Nobles (1899) . Genealogical dictionaries of noble See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French families include See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Allais's Nobiliaire universel (21 vols., 1872–1897) and Aubert de la Chenaye-Desbois' Dictionnaire de la noblesse (15 vols., 1863-1876) . A sumptuous work on the genealogy and See also:

• HERALDRY

heraldry of the ancient duchy of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Amedee de Foras began to appear in 1863 . See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain has See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez de See also:

• HARO, CLAMEUR DE

Haro's Nobiliario genealogico de los reyes y titulos de Espana . Italy has the Teatro araldico of Tettoni and Saladini (1841–1848), Litti's Famiglie celebri and an Annuario della nobilitd . Such annuals are now published more or less intermittently in many European countries . See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland has a Ridderscap och Adels Kalender, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium the Annuaire de la noblesse, the Dutch See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands an Adelsboek, See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark the Adels-Garbog and Russia the Annuaire of Ermerin . But chief of all such publications is the ancient Almanach de See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, containing the modern kinship of royal and princely houses, and now accompanied by volumes dealing with the houses of German and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian counts and barons, and with houses ennobled in modern times by patent . A useful modern reference book for students of history is Stokvis's See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel d'histoire et de genealogie de tous See also:

• LES

les etats du globe (1888-1893) .

The best manual for the English genealogist is See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• RYE

Rye's Records and Record Searching (1897), while an See also:

• ILL

ill-arranged but valuable bibliography of English and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign works on the subject is that of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Gatfield (1892) . (O .