See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the See also:

• TERM

term being used in See also:

• ENGLISH

English as a synonym for origin or See also:

• PROCESS

process of coming into being)  , the name of the first See also:

• BOOK

book in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, which derives its See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title from the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint rendering of ch. ii . 4 . It is the first of the five books (the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch), or, with the inclusion of See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua, of the six (the See also:

• HEXATEUCH

Hexateuch), which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews to their occupation of See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan . The " See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

genesis " of See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew history begins with records of antediluvian times: the creation of the See also:

• WORLD

world, of the first pair of human beings, and the origin of See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin (i.–iii.), the See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization and moral degeneration of mankind, the history of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• NOAH (ni, rest; Septuagint, New Testament, Philo, Josephus, Na*, N&i os, Nweos: Vulg. Noe)

Noah (iv.–vi . 8), the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood (vi . 9–ix.), the confusion of See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and the divisions of the human See also:

• RACE

race (x.–xi.) . Turning next to the descendants of See also:

• SHEM (Hebrew for " name, renown, posterity ")

Shem, the book deals with See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham (xii.–See also:

• XXV

xxv . 18), See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac and See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob (xxv . 19–sxxv.), the " fathers " of the tribes of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel, and concludes withthe See also:

• PERSONAL

personal history of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, and the descent of his See also:

• FATHER

father Jacob (or Israel) and his brethren into the See also:

• LAND

land of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt (See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii.–l.) . The book of Genesis, as a whole, is closely connected with the subsequent oppression of the sons of Israel, the See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation of Yahweh the See also:

• GOD

God of their fathers (Ex. iii . 6, 15 seq., vi . 2-8), the " See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

exodus " of the Israelites to the land promised to their fathers (Ex. xiii .

5, Dent. i . 8, See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 3 sqq., xxxiv . 4) and its See also:

• CON

con-quest (Josh. i . 6, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.); cf. also the summaries Neh. ix . 7 sqq., Ps. cv . 6 sqq . The words, " these are the generations of the heavens and of this See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth when they were created " (ii . 4), introduce an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the creation of the world, which, however, is preceded by a See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis. relatively later and less See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record (i . 1–ii . 3) . The See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the two accounts See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie partly in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and partly in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and contents of the narratives. i .

1-ii . 3 is marked by stereotyped formulae (" and God [Eloh7ml said . . . and it was so . . . and God saw that it was See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and there was evening and there was See also:

• MORNING

morning," &c.) ; it is precise and detailed, whereas ii . 4b-iii. is less systematic, fresher and more anthropomorphic . The former is See also:

• COSMIC (from Gr. Kovµos, order or universe)

cosmic, the latter is See also:

• LOCAL

local . It is the latter which mentions the mysterious See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden and the wonderful trees which Yahweh planted, and depicts Yahweh conversing with man and walking in the garden in the cool of the evening . The former, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, has an enlightened conception of Elohim; the Deity, though See also:

• GRAND

grand, is a lifeless figure; several See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique ideas are nevertheless preserved . The account of the creation, too, is different; for example, in See also:

• CHAP

chap. i. man and woman are created together, whereas in ii. man is at first alone . The naiveness of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the creation of woman is in See also:

• LINE

line with the See also:

• INTEREST

interest which this more popular source takes in the origin or existence of phenomena, customs and contemporary beliefs (the garden, the naming of animals, &c.) . The primitive record is continued in the story of See also:

• CAIN

Cain and See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel (iv.), where the old-time problem of Cain's wife and the reference to other human beings (iv . 14 seq.) gave rise in pre-See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical days to the theory of pre-See also:

• ADAMITES, or ADAMIANS

Adamites, as though See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam and See also:

• EVE

Eve were not the only inhabitants of the earth .

But all the indications go to show that there were at least two distinct popular narratives, one of which ignores the flood . Cain the murderer, doomed to be a wanderer, now becomes the builder of a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and his descendants introduce various arts (iv . 16b-24).1 (See the articles ABEL; ADAM; CAIN; See also:

• COSMOGONY (from Gr. K6Qµos, world and yiyvevGay to be born)

COSMOGONY; See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

ENOCH; EVE; See also:

• LAMECH

LAMECH.) From the " generations ' of the heavens and the earth (which one would have expected at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of ch. i.) we pass to the " generations of Adam " (v . I) . The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the " Sethites," with its characteristically stereotyped framework, has an older parallel in iv . 25 seq . (with the origin of the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Yahweh contrast Ex. vi . 2. seq.), and a fragment from the same source is found in v . 29 . After the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Noah the son of Lamech (v . 29, contrast iv . 19 sqq.) comes the brief story of the demigods (vi .

1-4) . It is no See also:

• PART

part of the account of the fall or of the flood (See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse 4 and Num. xiii . 33), least of all does it furnish grounds for the old view of the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the human race into evil Cainites and God-fearing Sethites . The excerpt with its description of the fall of the angels is used to form a prelude to the wickedness of man and the avenging flood (vi . 5) . Noah, the father of See also:

• HAM

Ham, Shem and See also:

• JAPHETH (np.:)

Japheth, appears as the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero in the Hebrew version of the flood (see See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

DELUGE; NOAH) . Duplicates (vi . 5-8, 9-13) and discrepancies (vi . 19 sq. contrasted with vii . 2; or vii . I1, viii . 14 contrasted with viii .

8, to, 12) point to the use of two See also:

• SOURCES

sources (harmonizing passages in vii . 3, 7-9) . The later narrative, which begins with ' the generations ' of Noah (vi . 9-22; vii . 6, II, 13-17a, 18-2I, 24; viii . I-2a, 3b-5, 13a, 14-19; ix . 1-17), is almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; note the superscription and the length of the flood (365 days; according to other notices the flood apparently lasted only 61 or 68 days) . In the earlier source Noah collects seven pairs of clean animals, one of each See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; he sacrifices after leaving the See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

ark, and Yahweh promises not to curse the ground or to smite living things again . But in the later, he takes only one pair, and subsequently Elohim blesses Noah and makes a See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

covenant never again to destroy all flesh by a flood .2 The covenant (characteristic of the latest narratives in Genesis) also prohibits the shedding of See also:

• BLOOD

blood (cf. the story of Cain and Abel in the earlier source) . Man-kind is now made to descend from the three sons of Noah . The older story, however, continues with another step in the history of civilization, and to Noah. is ascribed the cult of the See also:

• VINE

vine, the abuse of which leads to the utterance of a curse upon Canaan and a blessing upon Shem and Japheth (ix . 20-27) .

The table of nations in x . (" the generations of the sons of Noah ") preserves several signs of composite origin (contrast e.g. x . 7 with vv . 28 sq., Ludim v . 13 with "v . 22, and the Canaanite families v . 16 with the See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion " after-wards," v . 18, &c.); see CANAAN; See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

GENEALOGY; See also:

• NIMROD (-`s??, -i=s; Septuagint, Nef3pc5£: various reading in Gen. x. 8, Nef3p6av: Vulg. Nemrod)

NIMROD . The history of the primitive See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age concludes with the story of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 1 The abrupt introduction of a small poem (iv . 23 seq.) was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago regarded as due to the use of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate sources (so the Calvinist Isaac de la Peyrere, 1654) . 2 The divergences of detail, with corresponding stylistic See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations, were recognized long ago (e.g. by Father See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon in 1682) . of See also:

• BABEL

Babel (xi .

1-9), which, starting from a popular See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology of Babel (" See also:

• GATE

gate of God "), as though from Balbel (" confusion "), tells how Yahweh f eared lest mankind should become too powerful (cf. iii . 22-24), and seeks to explain the origin of the numerous languages in use . It is See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of x., which already assumes a confusion of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues (vv . 5, 20, 31), the existence of Babel (v . 1o), and gives a different account of the rise of the various races . This incident in the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey eastwards (xi . 2) is equally independent of the story of the Deluge and of Noah's See also:

• FAMILY

family (see See also:

• WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen, Prolegomena, p . 316) . The continuation of the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, " the generations of Shem " (xi . 10-27, see the Shemite genealogy in x . 21 sqq., and contrast the ages with vi . 3), is in the same stereotyped style as ch. v., and prepares the way for the history of the patriarchs .

The " generations of Terah " (xi . 27) See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the introduction of the first See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch Abraham (q.v.) 1 There is a twofold account of his See also:

• MIGRATION

migration to See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel with his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

Lot; the more statistical form in xi . 31 sq., xii . 4b, 5 belongs to the latest source . The statement that the Canaanite was then in the land (xii . 6, cf. xiii . 7) points to a time long after the Israelite See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, when readers needed such a reminder (so See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes in his See also:

• LEVIATHAN

Leviathan, 1651) . A See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine forces him to descend into Egypt, where a story of Sarai (here at least 65 years of age; see xii . 4, xvii . 17) is one of three variants of a similar See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar incident (cf. xx . 1-17, xxvi . 6-14) .

The passage is an insertion (xii . 2; xii . 9,' xiii . 3 seq. being harmonistic) . The See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread is resumed in the account of the separation of the patriarch and his nephew Lot, who See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the land between them . Abraham occupies Canaan, but moves See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south to See also:

• HEBRON (mod. Khulzl er-Rahman, i.e. " the friend of the Merciful One "—an allusion to Abraham)

Hebron, which, according to Josh. xiv . 15, was formerly known as Kirjath-Arba . Lot dwells in the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, and his history is continued in the story of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (xviii.–xix.; Hos. xi . 8, Deut. See also:

• XXIX

xxix . 23 speak of Admah and Zeboim) . Lot is saved and becomes the ancestor of the Moabites and See also:

• AMMONITES

Ammonites, who are thus closely related to the descendants of Abraham (note xix . 37, " unto this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day ") .

The great See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Amraphel and Chedorlaomer —the defeat of a world-conquering See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army by 318 men—with the See also:

• EPISODE

episode of See also:

• MELCHIZEDEK (Heb. for " king of righteousness "; or, since Sedek is probably the name of a god, " Sedelt is my king ")

Melchizedek, noteworthy for the reference to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (xiv . 18, cf . Ps. lxxvi . 2), has nothing in See also:

• COMMON

common with the context (see ABRAHAM; MELCHIZEDEK) . It treats as individuals the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names Mature and Eshcol (xiv . 13, cf . Num. xiii . 23 seq.), and by mentioning See also:

• DAN

Dan (v . 14) anticipates the events in Josh. xix . 47, Judg. xviii . 29.2 A See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of narratives deals with the promise that the barren Sarai (Sarah) should See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child whose descendants would inhabit the land of Canaan . The importance of the tradition for the history of Israel explains both the prominence given to it (cf. already xii .

7, xiii . 14-17) and their See also:

• PRESENT

present complicated See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character (due to repeated revision) . The older narratives comprise (a) the promise that Abraham shall have a son of his•own flesh (xv.)—the account is composite;3 (b) the birth of See also:

• ISHMAEL (a Hebrew name meaning " God hears ")

Ishmael, Abraham's son by Hagar, their See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and Yahweh's promise (xvi., with a separate framework in vv . Ia . 3, 15 seq.)—before the birth of Isaac; and (c) the promise of a son to Sarai (xviii . 1-15), now combined with the story of Lot and the overthrow of Sodom . The latest source (xvii.) is marked by the See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn covenant between Yahweh and Abraham, the revelation of God Almighty (El-Shaddai, cf . Ex. vi . 3), and the institution of See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision (otherwise treated in Ex. iv . 26, Josh. v . 2 seq.) . The more elevated character of this source as contrasted with xv. and xviii. is as striking as the difference of religious See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone in the two accounts of the creation (above) .

Abraham now travels thence (xx . 1, Hebron, see xviii . 1), and his See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure in the land of See also:

• ABIMELECH (Hebrew for "father of [or is] the king ")

Abimelech, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Gcrar (xx.), is a duplicate of xii . (above) . It is continued in xxi . 22-34, which has a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close parallel in the See also:

• LIFE

life of Isaac (xxvi., below) . Isaac is See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in accordance with the divine promise (xviii . 10 at Hebron) ; the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene is the south of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . The story of the dismissal of Hagar and Ishmael, and the revelation (xxi . 8-21) cannot be separated from xvi . 4-14, where vv . 9 seq. are intended to harmonize the passages .

Although about sixteen years intervene (see xvi . 16; xxi . 5, 8), Ishmael is a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young child who has to be carried (xxi . 15), but the Hebrew See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of xxi . 14 (not, however, the Septuagint) endeavours to remove the discrepancy.' " After these things " comes the offering of Isaac which implicitly annuls the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of the first-born, a not unfamiliar rite in Palestine as the denunciations prove (cf . Ezek. xvi . 20 seq., xx . 26; Mic. vi . 7; Is. lvii . 5), and thus marks an advance, e.g. upon the story of See also:

• JEPHTHAH

Jephthah's daughter (Judg. xi.) . The story may be contrasted with the Phoenician account of the sacrifice by Cronos (to be identified with El) of his only son, which practically justified the horrid See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom . i As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1685 See also:

• JEAN

Jean le Clerc observed that Ur of the Chaldees (Chasdim) in xi .

28 anticipates Chesed in xxii . 22, and implied some knowledge of the land of the Chaldaeans (cf . Ezek. i . 3, xi . 24) . 2 The See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew du See also:

• MAES, NICOLAS (1632-1693)

Maes (1570) already pointed to the names Hebron and Dan as signs of See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic date . 3 Note the repetitions in vv . 2 and 3; Abraham's faith, vv . 4-6, and his See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, v . 8; contrast the time of day, v . 5 and v . 12, and the See also:

• DATES

dates, v .

13 and v . 16 . In vv . 12-15 there is a reference to the bondage in Egypt . ' These and other See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological embarrassments, now recognized as due to the framework of the post-exilic writer (P), have long been observed—by See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza, 1671 . The detailed account of the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Machpelah (contrast the brevity of xxxiii . 19) is of great importance for the traditions of the patriarchs, and, like the references to the See also:

• DEATH

death of Sarah and Abraham, belongs to the latest source (See also:

• XXIII

xxiii., xxv . 7-11a).6 The idyllic picture of life in xxiv. presupposes that Isaac is See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir (v . 36) ; since this is first stated in xxv . 5, it is probable that xxv . 5, See also:

• LIB

lib (and perhaps vv . 6, 18) are out of place .

It is noteworthy that the See also:

• DISTRICT

district is Abraham's native place (xxiv . 4, 7, 10; contrast the Babylonian See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home specified in xi . 28, 31; xv . 7) . In xxv . 1 sqq . Abraham takes as wife (but concubine, I Chron. i . 32 seq.) Keturah (" See also:

• INCENSE

incense ") and becomes the father of various Arab tribes, e.g . Sheba and Dedan (grandsons of See also:

• CUSH

Cush in x . 7) . After " the generations of Ishmael " (xxv . 12 sqq.) the narrative turns to " the generations of Isaac " (xxv .

19 sqq.) . The story of the events at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Abimelech (xxvi.) finds a parallel in the now disjointed xx., xxi . 22-34; note the new explanation of See also:

• BEERSHEBA

Beersheba, the reference in xxvi . I to the parallel story in xii., the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of allusion to xx., and the apparent editorial references to xxi. in vv . 15, 18 . On the whole, the story of Isaac's wife at Gerar is briefer and not so elevated as that of Sarah, but the parallel to xxi . 22-34 is more detailed . The birth of See also:

• ESAU

Esau and Jacob (xxv . 21-34) introduces the story of Jacob's See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft when Isaac is on the point of death (See also:

• XXVII

xxvii.) . Jacob flees to Laban at Haran to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape Esau's hatred (xxvii . 41-45) ; but, according to the latest source (P), he is charged by Isaac to go to Paddan-See also:

• ARAM, EUGENE (17o4-17J9)

Aram, and take a wife there, and his father transfers to him the blessing of Abraham (xxvii . 46-See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii .

9) . On his way to Haran he stops at Bethel (formerly Luz, according to Judg. i . 22-26), where a See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision prompts him to accept the God of the place should he return in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace to his father's home (xxviii . 10-22) . He passes to the land of " the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east " (xxix . I), and the scenes which follow are scarcely situated at Haran, the famous and See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient seat of the worship of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon-god, but in the See also:

• DESERT

desert . Here he resides fifteen years or more, and by the daughters of Laban and their handmaidens becomes the " father " of the tribes of Israel . There are numerous traces of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition from different sources, but a satisfactory analysis is impossible.° The See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of Jacob and his See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household (from Paddan-Aram, xxxi . 18 P) leads over " the See also:

• RIVER

River" (v . 21, i.e. the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates); though the seven days' journey of this concourse of men and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle suggests that he came to See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead, not from Haran (3o0 M. distant), but from some nearer locality . This is to be taken with the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence against Haran already noticed, with the use of the See also:

• TERM

term " children of the east " (xxix . 1; cf .

Jers xlix . 28; Ezek. xxv . 4, 10), and with the details of Laban's kindred (xxii . 20-24).7 The arrival at Mahanaim (" [two ?] camps ") gives rise to specific allusions to the meaning of the name (xxxii . 1 seq., 7-12, 13-21); cf. also the plays upon . Jabbok, Israel and Peniel in xxxii . 22-32 . He meets Esau (xxxi . 3-21, xxxiii . 1-16, another reference to Peniel, " See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of God," in v. to), but they part . Jacob now comes to See also:

• SHECHEM (mod. Nablus)

Shechem " in peace " (cf. the phrase in xxviii . 21), where he See also:

• BUYS

buys land and erects an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar (xxxiii .

18-2o, cf . Abraham in xii . 6 seq.) . There is a remarkable story of the violation of his daughter Dinah by Shechem, the son of Hamor the Hivite (xxxiv.) . It has been heavily revised; note the alternating prominence of Hamor and Shechem, the condemnation of See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon and See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi for their vengeance (cf. the curse in xlix . 5-7), the destruction of the city Shechem by all the sons of Jacob, and the survival of the Hamorites as a family centuries later (xxxiii . 19, Judg. ix . 28) . The narrative continues with Jacob's journey to Bethel, the death of See also:

• DEBORAH (Heb. for " bee ")

Deborah (who accompanied Rebekah to Palestine 140 years previously, see xxiv . 59, and the latest source in xxv . 20, See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 28), the death of See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel (xxxv .

16-2o, contrast xxxvii . 1o), and ceases abruptly in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence (xxxv . 22, but see xlix . 3-4) . The latest source (xxiv . 9-13, 15, 22b-29) gives another account of the origin of the names Israel (cf. xxxii . 28) and Bethel (cf. xxviii . 19), and the genealogy wrongly includes See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin among the sons born outside Palestine (vv . 24-26) . In narrating Jacob's leisurely return to Isaac at Hebron, the writers quite ignore the many years which have elapsed since he See also:

• LEFT

left his father at the point of death in Beersheba (xxxii . 1, 2, 7, 10, 41) . The generations of Esau, the same is See also:

• EDOM

Edom," provide much valuable material for the study of Israel's See also:

• RIVAL

rival (See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi.) .

The chapter gives yet another account of the separation of Jacob and Esau (with vv . 6-8, cf . Abraham and Lot, xiii . 5 seq.), and describes the latter's withdrawal to Seir (cf. already xxxii . 3; xxxiii . 14, 16) . It includes lists of diverse origin (e.g. vv . 2-5, contrast xxvi . 34, xxviii . 9) ; various " See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes " (R.V. marg . " chiefs "), or rather 6 Points of resemblance in xxiii. with Babylonian usage have often been exaggerated; comparison " shows noteworthy differences " (T . G .

Pinches, The Old Testament, p.238) ; see See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter and Harford-Battersby, Hexateuch, i . 64, See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

Driver, Gen. p . 230, and Addenda . 6 Note, e.g., the sudden introduction of xxii . 15, the curious position of v . 24 (due to P), the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• PLAY

play upon the names See also:

• ZEBULUN

Zebulun and Joseph, See also:

• XXX

xxx . 20, 23 seq., the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal intricacies in the agreement, ib. vv . 31-43; the difficulties in the reference to the latter in xxxi . 6 sqq . (especially v . 10) . ' See Ed .

See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer (and B . See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther), Dielsraeliten and ihre Nachbarstamme (1906), pp . 238 sqq.; also the shrewd remarks of C . T . See also:

• BEKE, CHARLES TILSTONE (1800-1874)

Beke, Origines biblicae (1834), pp . 123 sqq . " thousands " or " clans "; and also the " sons " of Seir the Horite, i.e . Horite clans (vv . 20 seq. and vv.•29 seq.) . A See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of Edomite See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings is ascribed to the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period before the Israelite See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy (vv . 31-39), and the record concludes with the " dukes " of Esau, the father of the Edomites (vv . 40-43, cf. names in vv .

10-14, 15-19).1 Finally, Genesis turns from the patriarchs to the " generations of Jacob " (xxxvii . 2), and we have stories of the " sons," the ancestors of the tribes . (In xxxiv. the incidents which primarily concerned Simeon and Levi alone have, however, been adjusted to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general history of Jacob and his family.) The first place is given to Joseph (xxxvii.), although xxxviii. crowds the early history of the family of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah into the twenty-two years between xxxvii . 2 and Jacob's descent into Egypt (see xli . 46, 47; xlv . 6).2 In xxxvii., xxxix. sqq. we have an admirable specimen of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing quite distinct in See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp from the patriarchal stories . The See also:

• ROMANCE

romance which has here been utilized shows an acquaintance with Egypt; the narratives are discursive, not laconic, everything is more detailed, and more under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• ART

art . The See also:

• REUBEN

Reuben and Simeon which appear in it are not the characters which we meet in xxxiv., xxxv . 22, or in the poem xlix . 3-7; and the tribes of See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim and See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh do not See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple to claim ancestry from Joseph and the daughter of an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian priest at the seat of the worship of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-god (xii . 45) . The narratives are composite .

Joseph incurs the See also:

• ILL

ill-will of his brethren because of Israel's partiality or because of his significant dreams . He is at Shechem or at Dothan; and when the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers seek to slay him, Judah proposes that he should be sold to Ishmaelites, or Reuben suggests that he should be See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into a See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit, where Midianites find and kidnap him (xxxvii., cf. xl . 15) . The latter sell him to the See also:

• EUNUCH (Gr. Evvoi3Xos)

eunuch Potiphar, but he appears in the service of a married See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-holder (xxxix., the second clause of v . I harmonizes) . Among other signs of dual origin are the See also:

• ALTERNATION (from Lat. alternare, to do by turns)

alternation of " Jacob " and " Israel," and the prominence of Judah (xliii . 3, 8; xliv . 14, 18) or of Reuben (xlii . 22, 37) . The See also:

• MONEY

money is found in a " bag " as the brothers encamp (xlii . 27, 28a; xliii.), or in a " See also:

• SACK

sack " when they reach home (xlii . 8-26, 29-35, 28b, 36 sq.) .

When Israel and his family descend into Egypt, the latest source gives a detailed list which agrees in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main with the Israelite subdivisions (xlvi . 6-27, cf . Num. xxvi. and I Chron. ii.-viii.) . The families dwell in the land of See also:

• GOSHEN

Goshen, east of the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta, " for every shepherd is an See also:

• ABOMINATION (from Lat. ab, from, and orninare, to .fore-bode)

abomination unto the Egyptians" (xlv . 10; xlvi . 28-34; xlvii . 1-6) ; or they are in the ' land of See also:

• RAMESES, or RAMESSES (Gen. xlvii. r1; Exod. xii. 37; Num. xxxiii. 3)

Rameses " (xlvii . II, and Septuagint in x1vi . 28) ; 1 Joseph's policy during the famine is next described (xlvii . 13-26), although it would have been more in place after xli . (see ib . 34) .

There are several difficulties in Jacob's blessing of the sons of Joseph (xlviii.).* The blessing in x1ix. is a collection of poetical passages praising or blaming the various tribes, and must certainly date after the Israelite See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in Palestine; see further the articles on the tribes . Jacob's dying instructions to Joseph (xlvii . 29-31) are continued in 1 . 1 sqq., his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge to his sons (xlix . 28 sqq., P) in I . 12 seq . It is significant that Jacob's See also:

• BODY

body is taken to Palestine, but the brethren return to Egypt; in spite of a possible allusion to the famine in v . 21, the See also:

• LATE

late chronological See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme would imply that it had long ceased (see xlv . 6, xlvii . 28) . The book closes with the death of Joseph about fifty years later, after the birth of the children of Machir, who himself was a contemporary of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses See also:

• FORTY

forty years after the Exodus (Num. xxxii . 39-41) .

Joseph's body is embalmed, but it is not until the concluding chapter of the book of Joshua (xxiv . 32) that his bones find their last resting-place . Only on the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption that the book of Genesis is a composite See also:

• WORK

work is it possible to explain the duplication of events, the varying use of the divine names Yahweh and Elohim, the linguistic and stylistic differences, the internal intri- cacies of the subject See also:

• MATTER

matter, and the differing stand- points as regards tradition, See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology, morals and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion c The cumulative effect of the whole evidence is too strong to be withstood, and already in the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it was recognized that the book was of composite origin . Immense labour has been spent in the critical analysis of the contents, but it is only since the work of See also:

• GRAF, ARTURO (1848– )
• GRAF, KARL HEINRICH (1815–1869)

Graf (1866) and Wellhausen (1878) that a satisfactory literary See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis has been found which explained It is interesting to find that the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• RABBI

Rabbi Isaac,(of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, A.D . 982—1057), noticing that the royal list must be later than the time of See also:

• SAUL (Heb. shd'ul, " asked ")

Saul (also recognized by See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Luther and others), proposed to assign the chapter to the age of See also:

• JEHOSHAPHAT (Heb. " Yahweh judges ")

Jehoshaphat . Y But the chronology is hopeless, and only ten years are allowed according to another and later scheme (xxv . 26, xxxv . 28, xlvii . 9) . 6 Cf. the account of the Israelites in Egypt, where they are in Goshen, unaffected by the plagues (Ex. viii . 22, ix . 26), or, according to another view, are living in the midst of the Egyptians (e.g. xii .

23) . * V . 7 breaks the context; there is repetition in vv. lob and 13b; interchange of the names Jacob and Israel; v . 12 suggests a blessing upon Joseph himself ; and with vv . 15 seq . (the blessing of the sons, not of Joseph), contrast vv . 20 sqq . (the singular " in thee," v . 20) . 6 Only the more noticeable peculiarities have been mentioned in the preceding columns.the most obvious intricacies . The Graf-Wellhausen literary theory has gained the assent of almost all trained and unbiased biblical scholars, it has not been shaken by the more See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• LIGHT

light from See also:

• EXTERNAL

external evidence, and no alternative theory has as yet been produced . The internal features of Genesis demand some formulated theory, more precise than the indefinite concessions of the 17th century, beyond which the opponents of See also:

• MODERN

modern literary See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism scarcely advance, and the Graf-Wellhausen theory, in spite of the numerous difficulties which it leaves untouched, is the only adequate starting-point for the study of the book .

According to this, Genesis is a post-exilic work composed of a post-exilic priestly source (P) and non-priestly earlier sources which differ markedly from P in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, style and religious standpoint, but much less markedly from one and another .6 These sources can be traced elsewhere in the Pentateuch and Joshua, and P itself is related to the post-exilic See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles, See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra and See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah . In its present form Genesis is an indis-' pensable portion of the biblical history, and consequently its literary growth cannot be viewed apart from that of the books which follow . On internal grounds it appears that the Pentateuch and Joshua, as they now read, virtually come in between an older history by " Deuteronomic " compilers (easily recognizable in See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges and Kings), and the later treatment of the monarchy in Chronicles, where the influence of the circle which produced P and the present Mosaic legislation is quite discernible . There have been stages where earlier extant sources have been cut down, adjusted or revised by compilers who have incorporated fresh material, and it is the later compilers of Genesis who have made the book a fairly knit whole . The technical investigation of the literary problems (especially the extent of the earlier sources) is a work of great complexity, and, for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary purposes, it is more important to obtain a preliminary appreciation of the general features of the contents of Genesis . That the records of the pre-historic ages in Gen. i.–xi. are at complete variance with modern See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and archaeological See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research is unquestionable.'' But although it is See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- possible to regard them any longer either as genuine value of tradktioaa . history or as subjects for an allegorical See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation (which would prove the accuracy of any record) they are of distinct value as human documents . They reflect the ideas and thoughts of the Hebrews, they illustrate their conceptions of God and the universe, and they furnish material for a comparison of the moral development of the Hebrews with that of other early races . Some of the traditions are closely akin to those current in ancient Babylonia, but a careful and impartial comparison at once illustrates in a striking manner the relative moral and spiritual superiority of our writers . On these subjects see further CosMoGoNY; DELUGE.8 The records of the patriarchal age, xii.–1. are very variously estimated, although the great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of scholars agree that they are not contemporary and that they cannot be used, as they stand, for pre-Mosaic times . Apart from the ordinary arguments of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical criticism, it is to be noticed that external evidence does not support the assumption that the records preserve 6 On the course of modern criticism and on the various sources: P, J (Judaean or Yahwist), E (Ephraimite or Elohist), see BIBLE (Old Test . Criticism) .

The passages usually assigned to P in Genesis are: i..i—ii . 4a; v . 1-28, 30-32; vi . 9-22; vii . 6 (and parts of 7-9), II, 13-16a, 18-21, 24; viii . 1-2a, 3b-5, 13a, 14-19; iX . 1-17, 28-29; X . 1-7, 20, 22-23, 31-32; xi . 10-27,.31-32; xii . 4b-5; xiii . 6, IIb-12a; xvi. la, 3, 15-16; xvii.; xix . 29; xxi. i b, 2b-5; xxiii .

; xxv . 7-lie, I2-17, 19-20, 26b; xxvi . 34-35; xxvii . 46—xxviii . 9; xxix . 24, 28b, 29; xxxi. i8b; xxxiii . 18a; xxxiv . I-2a, 4, 6, 8-1o, 13-18, 20-24, part of 25, 27-29; xxxv . 9-13, 15, 22b-29; xxxvi . (in the main); xxxvii . 1-2a; xli . 46; xlvi .

6-27; xlvii . 5-6a, 7-II, 27b-28; xxviii . 3-7; x1ix . Ia, 28b-33, 1 . 12-13 . See on this, especially, S . R . Driver's Genesis in the "See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster Commentaries " (seventh ed., 1909) . 6 The above is typical of modern biblical criticism which is compelled to recognize the human See also: