See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good Latin)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, situated at the extreme See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west corner both of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and of the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva or Lake Leman . The canton is, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save See also:

• ZUG
• ZUG (Fr. Zoug)
• ZUG, LAKE OF

Zug, the smallest in the Swiss See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation, while the city, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long the most populous in the See also:

• LAND

land, is now surpassed by See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich and by See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . The canton has an See also:

• AREA

area of Io8.9 sq. m., of which 88.5 sq. m. are classed as " productive " (forests covering 9.9 sq. m. and See also:

• VINE

vine- yards 6.8 sq. m., the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest being cultivated land) . Of canton. the " unproductive " 20.3 sq. m., are accounted for by that portion of the Lake of Geneva which belongs to the canton . It is entirely surrounded by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French territory (the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Haute See also:

• SAVOIE

Savoie lying to the south, and that of the See also:

• AIN

Ain to the west and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north), save for about 31 M. on the extreme north, where it See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders on the Swiss canton of See also:

• VAUD (Ger. Waadt)

Vaud . The See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone flows through it from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to west, and then along its south-west edge, the See also:

• TOTAL

total length of the See also:

• RIVER

river in or within the canton being about 13 m., as it is very sinuous . The turbid Arve is by far its largest tributary (See also:

• LEFT

left), and flows from the snows of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of Mont See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc, the only other affluent of any See also:

• SIZE

size being the See also:

• LONDON

London (right) . See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market gardens, orchards, and vineyards occupy a large proportion of the See also:

• SOIL

soil (outside the city), the apparent fertility of which is largely due to the unremitting See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of the inhabitants . In 1901 there were 6586 cows, 3881 horses, 2468 See also:

• SWINE

swine and 2048 See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-hives in the canton . Besides See also:

• BUILDING

building materials, such as See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, &c., the only See also:

• MINERAL

mineral to be found within the canton is bituminous shale, the products of which can be used for See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum and See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt . The broad-See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways in the canton have a length of 184 m., and include bits of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines towards See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne (for See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern or the Simplon), while there are also 724 M. of electric tramways . The canton was admitted into the Swiss Confederation in 1815 only, and ranks as the junior of the 22 cantons .

In 1815—1816 it was created by adding to the old territory belonging to the city (just around it, with the outlying districts of Jussy, Genthod, Satigny and Cartigny) 16 communes (to the south and east, including Carouge and Chene) ceded by See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, and 6 communes (to the north, including Versoix), cut off from the French See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• GEX

Gex . In 190o there were, not counting the city, 27,813 inhabitants in the canton, or, including the city, 132,609, the city alone having thus a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 104,796 . (In the following See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics those for the city are enclosed within brackets.) In 1900 this population was thus divided in point of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion: Romanists, 67,162 (49,965), Protestants . 62.400 (52,121), and See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews 1119 (1081) . In point of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language 109,741 (84,259) were French-speaking, 13,343 (12,004) See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-speaking, and 7345 (6574) See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian-speaking, while there were also 89 (76) Romonschspeaking persons . More remarkable are the results as statistics to See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality: 43,550 (31,607) were Genevese citizens, of c and an yn city . and 36,415 (30,582) Swiss citizens of other cantons . Of the 52,644 (42,607) foreigners, there were 34,277 (26,018) French, 10,211 (9126) Italians, 4653 (4283) subjects of the German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, 583 (468) See also:

• BRITISH

British subjects, 832 (777) Russians, and 285 (251) citizens of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . In the canton there were ro,821 (5683) inhabited houses, while the number of See also:

• SEPARATE

separate households was 35,450 (28,621) . Two points as to these statistics deserve to be noted . The number of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign residents is steadily rising, for in 190o there were only 79,965 (62,189) Swiss in all as against 52,644 (42,607) foreigners . One result of this foreign See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration, particularly from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, has been the rapid increase of Romanists, who now See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority in the canton, while in the city they were still slightly less numerous than the Protestants in 19oo; later (See also:

• LOCAL

local) statistics give in the Canton 75,400 Romanists to 64,200 Protestants, and in the city 52,638 Romanists to 51,221 Protestants .

Geneva has always been a favourite See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of foreigners, though few can ever have expected to hear that the " See also:

• PROTESTANT

protestant See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome " has now a Romanist majority as regards its inhabitants . Galiffe (Geneve nisi. et archeolog.) estimates the population in 1356 at 5800, and in 1404 at 6490, in both cases within the fortifications . In 1536 the old city acquired the outlying districts mentioned above, as well as the suburb of St See also:

• GERVAIS, PAUL (1816-1879)

Gervais on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Rhone, so that in 1545 the number is given as 12,500, reduced by 1572 to 11,000 . After the revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

Edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes (1685) it See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose, by 1698, to 16,934 . Thenceforward the progress was fairly steady: 18,500 (1711); 24,712 (1782); 26,140 (1789) . After the creation of the canton (1815) the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were (those for the city are enclosed within brackets) 48,489 (25,289), the city rising in 1837 to 33,714, and in 1843 to 36,452 . The result of the Federal censuses (begun in 1850) are as follows: in 1850, 64,146 (42,127); in 186o, 82,876 (59,826); in 1870, 88,791 (65,6o6); in 1880, 99,712 (76,197), and in 1888, 105,509 (81,407) . The canton comprises 3 administrative districts: the 13 communes on the right bank and the 34 on the left bank each form one, while the city proper, on both sides of the river, forms one district and one See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune . From t3meat.overn-1815 to 1842 the city and the cantonal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was the same . But at that date the city obtained its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and is now ruled by a See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of 41 members, and an executive of 5 members, the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case being made See also:

• DIRECT

direct by the citizens, and the See also:

• TERM

term of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office being 4 years . The existing cantonal constitution See also:

• DATES

dates, in most of its main features, from 1847 . The legislature or See also:

• GRAND

Grand Conseil (now composed of See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo members) is elected (in the proportion of 1 member for every loco inhabitants or fraction over 500) for 3 years by a direct popular See also:

• VOTE

vote, subject (since 1892) to the principles of proportional See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation, while the executive or conseil d'etat (7 members) is elected (no proportional representation) by a popular vote for 3 years .

By the latest enactments (one dating from 1905) 2500 citizens can claim a vote (" facultative See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum ") as to any legislative project, or can exercise the " right of initiative " as to any such project or as to the revision of the cantonal constitution . The canton sends 2 members (elected by a popular vote) to the Federal Standerath, and 7 to the Federal Nationalrath . The See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

Consistory rules the Established Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and is now composed of 31 members, 25 being laymen and 6 (formerly 15) clerics, while the "See also:

• VENERABLE (Lat. venerabilis, worthy of reverence, venerari, to reverence, to worship, allied to Venus, love; the Indo-Germ. root is wen-, to desire, whence Eng. " win, properly to struggle for, hence to gain)

venerable See also:

• COMPANY

company of pastors" Religion . (pastors actually holding See also:

• CURES

cures) has greatly lost its former importance and can now only submit proposals to the Consistory . The See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church is also " established " at Geneva (since 1873) and is governed by the conseil superieur, composed of 25 See also:

• LAY

lay members and 5 clerics . No other religious denominations are " established " at Geneva . But the Romanists (who form 13 % of the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors) are steadily growing in numbers and in See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, while the Christian Catholics are losing ground rapidly, the highest number of votes received by a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the conseil superieur having fallen from 2003 in 1874 to 8o6 in 1890 and 507 in Igoe, while they are abandoning the country churches (some were lost as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1892) which they had taken from the Romanists in the course of the Kulturkampf . The fairs of Geneva (held 4 times a See also:

• YEAR

year) are mentioned as early as 1262, and attained the height of their prosperity about industry . 1450, but declined after See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI.'s grants of 1462 1463 in favour of the fairs of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons . Among the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief articles brought to these fairs (which were largely frequented by Italian, French and Swiss merchants) were See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour, groceries, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• TIMBER

timber and See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, this last coming mainly from See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence . The manufacturers of Geneva formed in 1487 no fewer than 38 See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, including tailors, hatters, mercers, weavers, tanners, See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle-makers, furriers, See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe-makers, painters on See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, &c . Goldsmiths are mentioned as early as 1290 .

See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

Printing was introduced in 1478 by Steinschaber of See also:

• SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST (1836– )

Schweinfurth, and flourished much in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, though the rigorous supervision exercised by the Consistory greatly hampered the Estiennes (Stephanus) in their enterprises . Nowadays the best known industry at Geneva is that of watchmaking, which was introduced in 1587 by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Cusin of See also:

• AUTUN

Autun, and two years later regulations as to the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade were issued . In 1685 there were in Geneva roo See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master watchmakers, employing 3oo'See also:

• WORK

work-See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who turned out 5000 pieces a year, while in 176o this trade employed 4000 work-people . Of See also:

• RECENT

recent years its prosperity has diminished greatly, so that the watchmaking and See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry trades in 1902 numbered respectively but 38 and 32 of the 394 establishments in Geneva which were subject to the factory See also:

• LAWS

laws . Lately, huge establishments have been constructed for the utilization of the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power contained in the Rhone . The local See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of Geneva is much aided by the fact that the city is nearly entirely surrounded by " See also:

• FREE

free zones," in which no customs duties are levied, though the districts are politically French: this See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was given to Gex in 1814, and to the Savoyard districts in 1860, when they were also neutralized . Considering the small size of Geneva, till recently, it is surprising how many celebrated persons have been connected with it as t:ekhri- natives or as residents . Here are a few of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal, ties. See also:

• SPECIAL

special articles being devoted to many of them in this work . In the 16th century, besides See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin and See also:

• BONIVARD, FRANCOIS (1493—1570)

Bonivard, we have See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• CASAUBON, FLORENCE ESTIENNE
• CASAUBON, ISAAC (1559-1614)

Casaubon, the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar; See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert and See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• ESTIENNE (or ETIENNE; the French form of the name; anglicized to Stephens, and latinized to Stephanus)

Estienne, the printers, and, from 1572 to 1574, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• SCALIGER

Scaliger himself, though but for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . J . J . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau is, of course, the See also:

• GREAT

great Genevese of the 18th century .

At that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and in the 19th century, Geneva was a centre of See also:

• LIGHT

light, especially in the case of various of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical sciences . Among the scientific celebrities were de See also:

• SAUSSURE, HORACE BENEDICT DE (1740-1799)
• SAUSSURE, NICOLAS THEODORE DE (1767-1845)

Saussure, the most many-sided of all; de See also:

• CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRAME DE (1778—1841)

Candolle and See also:

• BOISSIER, MARIE LOUIS ANTOINE GASTON (1823—1908)

Boissier, the botanists; See also:

• ALPHONSE, COUNT OF TOULOUSE AND OF POITIERS (I220-1271)

Alphonse See also:

• FAVRE, JEAN ALPHONSE (1815-1890)
• FAVRE, JULES CLAUDE GABRIEL (1809-1880)

Favre and See also:

• NECKER, JACQUES (1732—1804)

Necker, the geologists; See also:

• MARIGNAC, JEAN CHARLES GALISSARD DE (1817-1894)

Marignac, the chemist; See also:

• DELUC, JEAN ANDRE (1727–1817)

Deluc, the physicist, and Plantamour, the astronomer . Charles See also:

• BONNET
• BONNET, CHARLES (172o–1793)

Bonnet was both a scientific See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and a philosopher, while See also:

• AMIEL, HENRI FREDERIC (1821-1881)

Amiel belonged to the latter class only . See also:

• PRADIER, JAMES (1792–1852)

Pradier and Chaponniere, the sculptors; Arlaud, Diday and Calame, the artists; See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

Mallet, who revealed Scandinavia to the See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• WORLD

world; Necker, the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister; See also:

• SISMONDI, JEAN CHARLES LEONARD DE (1773-1842)

Sismondi, the historian of the Italian republics; See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH [GUILLAUME HENRI] (1787–1875)

Dufour, author of the great survey which bears the name of the " Dufour See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map," have each a See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of Fame . Of a less severe type were See also:

• CHERBULIEZ, CHARLES VICTOR (1829-1899)

Cherbuliez, the novelist; See also:

• TOPFFER, RODOLPHE (1799-1846)

Topffer, who spread a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for pedestrianism among Swiss youth; Duchosal, the poet; Marc See also:

• MONNIER, MARC (1827-1885)

MOnnier, the litterateur; not to mention the names of any persons still living, or of politicians of any date . The city of Geneva is situated at the south-western extremity of the beautiful lake of the same name, w. ence the " arrowy Rhone " flows westwards under the seven See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges by which the two halves of the town communicate with each other . To the south is the valley of the Arve (descending from the snows of the Mont Blanc chain), which unites with that of the Rhone a little below the town; while behind the Arve the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey and barren rocks of the See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Saleve rise like a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, which in turn is overtopped by the distant and ethereal snows of Mont Blanc . Yet the actual site of the town is not as picturesque as that of several other spots in Switzerland . Though the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral crowns the hillock See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round which clusters the old See also:

• PART

part of the town, a large portion of the newer town is built on the alluvial flats on either bank of the Rhone . Since the demolition of the fortifications in 1849 the town has extended in every direction, and particularly on the right bank of the Rhone . It possesses many edifices, public and private, which are handsome or elegant, but it has almost nothing to which the memory reverts as a masterpiece of architectural See also:

• ART

art . It is possible that this is, in part, due to the See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic blight of the Calvinism which so long dominated the town .

But, while lacking the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• FRIBOURG [Ger. Freiburg]

Fribourg or Bern, or See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion or See also:

• COIRE (Ger. Chur or Cur, Ital. Coira, Lat. Curia Raetorum, Romonsch Cuera)

Coire, the great number of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• FINE

fine buildings in Geneva, hotels, villas, &c., gives it an See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of prosperity and comfort that attracts many visitors, though on others modern French See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture produces a See also:

• BLINDING

blinding glare . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, there are broad quays along the river, while public gardens afford grateful shade . The cathedral (Protestant) of St See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre is the finest of the older buildings in the city, but is a second-See also:

• RATE

rate building, though as E . A . See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman remarks, " it is an excellent example of a small cathedral of its own See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, with unusually little later alteration." The hillock on which it rises was no doubt the site of earlier churches, but the See also:

• PRESENT

present Transitional building dates only from the 12th and 13th centuries, while its See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico was built in the 18th century; after the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at Rome . It contains a few sepulchral monuments, removed from the cloisters (pulled down in 1721), and a fine modern See also:

• ORGAN

organ, but the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical old See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell La Clemente has been replaced by a newer and larger one which bears the same name . More interesting than the church itself is the adjoining See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the See also:

• MACCABEES
• MACCABEES, BOOKS OF

Maccabees, built in the 15th century, and recently restored . Near the cathedral are the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal (now See also:

• HOUSING

housing the historical museum, in which are pre-served many See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the " Escalade " of 1602, including the famous ladders), and the maison de ville or town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall . The latter building is first mentioned in 1448, but most of the present building dates from far later times, though the See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint paved See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral pathway (taking the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of a See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase in the interior) was made in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th century . In the Salle du Conseil d' Eta' some curious 15th-century frescoes have lately been discovered, while the old Salle See also:

• DES

des Festins is now known as the Salle de 1'See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama, in memory of the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration tribunal of 1872 . In the 15th-century Tour Baudet, adjoining the Town Hall, are preserved the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich archives of the city . Not far away is the palais de See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, built in 1709 as a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, but used as a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house since 1858 .

On the He in the Rhone stands the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (built c . 1219) of the old See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle belonging to the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . Among the modern buildings we may mention the following: the University( founded in 1559, but raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a University in 1873 only), the Athenee, the See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire de Musique, the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria Hall (a See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert hall, presented in 1904 to the city by Mr See also:

• BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815)
• BARTON, BERNARD (1784–1849)
• BARTON, CLARA (1821– )
• BARTON, ELIZABETH (c. 1506–1534)

Barton, formerly H.B.M.'s See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul), the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, the Salle de la See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation (for religious lectures and popular concerts), the Batiment Electoral, the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian church and the new See also:

• POST

post office . At present the museums of various kinds at Geneva are widely dispersed, but a huge new building in course of construction (Igoe) will ultimately house most of them . The Musee See also:

• RATH, GERHARD VOM (183o-1888)

Rath contains pictures and sculptures; the Musee Fol, antiquities of various dates; the Musee des Arts Decoratifs, inter alia, a fine collection of prints; the Musee Industriel, See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial See also:

• OBJECTS

objects and See also:

• MODELS

models; the Musee Archeologique, prehistoric and archaeological remains; the Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, scientific collections; and the Musee Epigraphique, a considerable number of See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . Some way out of the town is the Musee Ariana (extensive art collections), left, witha fine See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park, in 1890 to the city by a rich See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, Gustave Revilliod . The public library is in the university buildings and contains many valuable See also:

• MSS

MSS. and printed books . Geneva boasts also of a fine See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory and of a number of technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools (watchmaking, See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, commerce, fine arts, &c.), some of which are really annexes of the university, which in See also:

• JUNE

June 1go6 was attended by 1158 matriculated students, of whom 903 The city snd its buildings . those 3 kingdoms . It is said that See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad granted the temporal See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of the city to the bishop, who, in 1162, was raised to the rank of a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Empire, being elected, from 1215, by the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter, but, after 1418, named directly by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope himself . Like many other prince-bishops, the ruler of Geneva had to defend his rights: without against powerful neighbours, and within against the rising power of the citizens . These struggles constitute the entire See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HISTORY

history of Geneva up to about 1535, when a new See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of unrest opens with the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of Protestantism .

The first foe without was the See also:

• FAMILY

family of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of the Genevois (the region south of the city and in the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of See also:

• ANNECY

Annecy), who were also " protectors " (advocati) of the church of Geneva, and are first heard of in the 1th and 12th centuries . Their influence was probably never stronger than during the See also:

• RULE

rule as bishop (1118–1119) of See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the reigning See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . But his successor, See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert de See also:

• GRAMMONT (the Flemish name Gheeraardsbergen more clearly reveals its • etymology . Gerardi-mons)

Grammont, resumed the grants made to the count, and in 1125 by the See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

Accord of Seyssel, the count fully acknowledged the See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty of the bishop . A fresh struggle under Bishop Ardutius (1135–1185) ended in the See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BARBAROSSA ("Redbeard")

Barbarossa, as See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, of the position of the bishop as subject to no one but himself (1153), this See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration being strengthened by the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the bishop and his successors to the rank of princes of the empire were non-Swiss, the Russians (475 in number) forming the majority of the foreign students . Geneva is well supplied with charitable institutions, hospitals, &c . Among other remarkable See also:

• SIGHTS

sights of the city may be mentioned the great See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment (built 1882–1899) of the Forces Matrices du Rhone (turbines), the singular See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument set up to the memory of the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick who left his See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to the city in 1873, and the Ile See also:

• JEAN

Jean-Jacques Rousseau now connected with the See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont des See also:

• BERGUES

Bergues . The house occupied by Rousseau is No . 40 in the Grand' See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue, while No . 13 in the same See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street is on the site of Calvin's house, though not the actual dwelling inhabited by him . The real name of the city is Genava, that being the form under which it appears in almost all the known documents up to the History . 7th century, A.D., the variation Genua (which has led to great confusion with See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa) being also found in the 6th century . But Geneva and Gebenna are of later date .

The first mention of the city is made by See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar (Bell . Galli. i . 6-7) who tells us that it was the last oppidum of the See also:

• ALLOBROGES (in Gr. usually 'AXX6j3peryes)

Allobroges, and the nearest to the territory of the See also:

• HELVETII ('El ouipeot, 'EXI3ilrriol)

Helvetii, with which it was connected by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge that, for military reasons, he was forced to destroy . Inscriptions of later date See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state that it was only a vicus of the Viennese See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, while mentioning the fact that a gild of boatmen flourished there . But the many Roman remains found on the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original site(in the region of the cathedral) of the city show that it must have been of some importance, and that it possessed a considerable commerce . About 400 the Notitia Galliarum calls it a civitas (so that it then had a municipal See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of its own), and reckons it as first among those of the Viennese . Probably this rise in dignity was connected with the establishment of a bishop's see there, the first bishop certainly known, Isaac, being heard cf about 400 in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter addressed by St Eucherius to Salvius, while, in 450, a letter of St See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo states that the See also:

• GEE, THOMAS (1815—1898)

gee was then a See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan of the archbishopric of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne . It is possible that there may be some ground for the local tradition that See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was introduced into this region by See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius and Paracodus, who successively occupied the see of Vienne, but another tradition that the first bishop was named St See also:

• NAZARIUS (4th century A.D.)

Nazarius rests on a confusion, as that See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint belongs to Genoa and not to Geneva . About the middle of the 5th century A.D. it came into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Burgundians, who held it as late as 527 (thus leaving no See also:

• ROOM

room for any occupation by the See also:

• OSTROGOTHS, or EAST GOTHS