See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

LAKE OF See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• LAKE OF GENEVA

GENEVA  , the largest See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of which any portion belongs to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, and indeed in central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It is called Lacus Lemannus by the old Latin and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writers, in 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . Lacus Lausonius or Losanetes, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages generally See also:

• LAC

Lac de See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne, but from the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath century onwards Lac de Geneve, though from the end of the 18th century the name Lac Leman was revived—according to Prof . Forel Le Leman is the proper See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . Its See also:

• AREA

area is estimated at 223 sq.m . (Swiss Topographical See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau) or 2251 sq. m . (Forel), of which about 140 sq. m . (1341 sq. m . Forel) are politically Swiss (1231 sq. in. belonging to the See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• VAUD (Ger. Waadt)

Vaud, 1 r z sq. m. to that of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, and 5 sq. m. to that of the See also:

• VALAIS (Ger. Wallis, Ital. Vallese)

Valais), the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder (83 sq. m.) being See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French since the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy in 186o--the entire lake is included in the territory (Swiss or Savoyard) neutralized by the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1815 . The French See also:

• PART

part takes in nearly the whole ofthe See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SHORE

shore, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save its western and eastern extremities, which belong respectively to Geneva and to the Valais . The lake is formed by the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone, which enters it at its See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end, between See also:

• VILLENEUVE, PIERRE CHARLES JEAN BAPTISTE SILVESTRE (1763-r8o6)

Villeneuve (E.) and St Gingolph (W.), and quits it at its See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west end, flowing through the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Geneva . The only important tributaries are the Drance (S.), the Venoge (N.) and the Veveyse (N.) .

The form of the lake is that of a See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, of which the east end is broad and rounded, while the west end tapers towards the city of Geneva . The See also:

• BIRD

bird's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye length of the whole lake, from Chillon to Geneva, is 391 in., but along its See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis 45 m . The See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north shore is 59 m. in length and that of the south shore 441 m . The maximum See also:

• DEPTH

depth is 10152 ft., but the mean depth only 500 ft . The See also:

• SURFACE

surface is 12311 ft . (Swiss Topog . Bureau) or 1220 ft . (Forel) above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . The greatest width (between Morges and See also:

• AMPHION

Amphion) is 81 in., but the normal width is 5 in . The lake forms two well-marked divisions, separated by the strait of Promenthoux, which is 2161 ft. in depth, as a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar divides the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Lac from the See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Lac . The Grand Lac includes the greater portion of the lake, the Petit Lac (to the west of the strait or bar) being the See also:

• SPECIAL

special Genevese portion of the lake, and having an area of but 302 sq. in . The unusual blueness of the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been remarked, and the transparency increases the farther we get from the point where the Rhone enters it, the deposits which the See also:

• RIVER

river brings down from the See also:

• ALPS

Alps gradually sinking to the bottom of the lake .

At Geneva we recall See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron's phrase, " the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone " (Childe Harold, See also:

• CANTO (from the Lat. cantus, a song)

canto iii. See also:

• STANZA (Low Lat. stantia, Ital. stantia or stanza)

stanza 71) . The limit of visibility of a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white disk is 33 ft. in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter (in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1891 Prof . Forel observed an extreme of 702 ft.) and 21; ft. in summer . Apart from the seasonal changes in the level of the lake (which is highest in summer, no doubt because of the melting of the Alpine snows that feed the Rhone), there are also the remarkable temporary disturbances pf level known as the seiches, in which the whole See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• WATER

water in the lake rhythmically swings from shore to shore . According to Prof . Forel there are both See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal and trans-See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse seiches . The effect of the longitudinal seiches at Geneva is four times as See also:

• GREAT

great as at Chillon, at the other end of the lake, while the extreme duration of this phenomenon is 73 minutes for the uninodal longitudinal seiches (352 minutes for the binodal) and to minutes for the transverse seiches (5 minutes for the binodal) . The maximum height of a recorded See also:

• SEICHE (Fr. seche, fem. of sec, dry)

seiche at Geneva is rather over 6 ft . (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1841) . The currents in the water itself are irregular . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal winds that See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow over the lake are the bise (from the N.E.), the vaudaire or FShn (from the S.E.), the sudois or vent de pluie (from the S.W.) and the joran (from the N.W.) . The See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm winds are the molan (from the Arve valley towards Geneva) and the bornan (from the Drance valley towards the central portion of the lake) .

The lake is not as See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish as the other Swiss lakes, one See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason being the obstacle opposed by the Perte du Rhone to fish seeking to ascend that river . Prof . Forel knows of but twenty indigenous See also:

• SPECIES

species (of which the Fera, or Coregonus fera, is the principal) and six that have been introduced by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in the 19th century . A number of lake dwellings, of varying See also:

• DATES

dates, have been found on the shores of the lake . The first steamer placed on the lake was the " See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume Tell," built in 1823 at Geneva by an Englishman named See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, while in 1873 the See also:

• PRESENT

present Compagnie generale de See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation sur le lac Leman was formed, and in 1875 constructed the first See also:

• SALOON

saloon steamer, the " Mont See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc." But despite this service and the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways along each shore, the red See also:

• LATEEN (the Anglicized form of Fr. latine, i.e. voile latine, Latin sail, so-called as the chief form of rig in the Mediterranean)

lateen sails of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft still brighten the landscape . The railway along the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern shore runs from Geneva past Nyon, Rolle, Morges, Ouchy (the See also:

• PORT

port of Lausanne), See also:

• VEVEY [German Vivis]

Vevey and See also:

• MONTREUX

Montreux to Villeneuve (562 m.) . That on the south shore gains the edge of the lake at Thonon only (221 m. from Geneva), and then runs past Evian and St Gingolph to Le Bouveret (20 m. from Thonon) . In the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of Geneva two erratic boulders of See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite project above the surface of the water, and are named Pierres du Niton (supposed to be altars to See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune) . The See also:

• LOWER

lower of the two, which is also the farthest from the shore, has been taken as the basis of the triangulation of Switzer-See also:

• LAND

land : the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official height is 376.86 metres, which in 1891 was reduced to 373'54 metres, though 376.6 metres is now said to be the real figure . Of course the heights given on the Swiss See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map vary with these different estimates of the point taken as basis . For all matters See also:

• RELATING

relating to the lake, see Prof . F .

A . Forel's monumental See also:

• WORK

work, Le Leman (3 vols., Lausanne, 1892–1904) ; also (with See also:

• FINE

fine illustrations) G . Fatio and F . Boissonnas, Autour du lac Leman (Geneva, 1902) . (W . A . B .