See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, 119 m . N.W. of See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1906) 255,294 (See also:

• TOWN

town); 267,248 (See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune) . The town is situated on the Gulf of Genoa, and is the chief port and commercial town of Italy, the seat of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop and a university, the headquarters of the IV . See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and a strong fortress . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, as seen from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, is " built nobly," and deserves the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title it has acquired or assumed of the Superb . Finding only a small space of level ground along the See also:

• SHORE

shore, it has been obliged to climb the See also:

• LOWER

lower hills of the Ligurian See also:

• ALPS

Alps, which afford many a coign of vantage for the effective display of its architectural magnificence . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the city is that portion which lies to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the port in the neighbourhood of the old See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier (See also:

• MOLD (formerly Mould, Welsh Y Wyddgrug, a conspicuous barrow, Lat. Mons altus, the translation of the Welsh name)

Mold Vecchio) . In the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it began to feel a lack of See also:

• ROOM

room within the limits of its fortifications; and accordingly, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 12th century, it was found necessary to extend the See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• CIRCUMVALLATION, LINES OF (from Lat. circum, round, and vallum, a rampart)

circumvallation . Even this second See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, however, was of small See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, and it was not till 1320-1330 that a third line took in the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• MODERN

modern site of the city proper . This presented about 3 M. of rampart towards the See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and can still be easily traced from point to point through the city, though large portions, especially towards the east, have been dismantled .

The See also:

• PRESENT

present line of circumvallation See also:

• DATES

dates from 1626-1632, the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Genoa was threatened by the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy . From the mouth of the Bisagno in the east, and from the lighthouse point in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, it stretches inland over See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

dale to the See also:

• GREAT

great fort of Sperone, i.e. the See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

Spur, on the summits of See also:

• MONTE

Monte Peraldo at a height of 165o ft., the circuit being little less than 12 m., and all the important points along the line being defended by forts or batteries . A portion of the enclosed See also:

• AREA

area is open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, dotted only here and there with houses and gardens . There are eight See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, the more important being Porta Pila and Porta See also:

• ROMANA

Romana towards the east, and the Porta Lanterna or Lighthouse See also:

• GATE

Gate to the west . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main architectural features of Genoa are its See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval churches, with striped facades of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, and its magnificent 16th-century palaces . The earlier churches of Genoa show a mixture of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Romanesque and the See also:

• PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style—they are mostly basilicas with transepts, and as a See also:

• RULE

rule a small See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome; the pillars are sometimes See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient columns, and sometimes formed of alternate layers of black and white marble . The facades are See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, without galleries, having only pilasters projecting from the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, and are also alternately black and white . This style continued in See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic times also . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest is S . Maria di See also:

• CASTELLO, BERNARDO (1557—1629)
• CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1500 ?–1569 ?)
• CASTELLO, VALERIO (1625-1659)

Castello (11th century), the columns and capitals of which are almost all See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique . S . Cosma, S .

Donato (with remains of the loth-century See also:

• BUILDING

building) and others belong to the12th century, and S . Giovanni di Pre, S . See also:

• AGOSTINO
• AGOSTINO, or AGOSTINI [AUGUSTINUS], PAOLO (1593-1629)

Agostino (with a See also:

• FINE

fine campanile), S . Stefano, S . Matteo and others to the 13th . The famous See also:

• PAINTING

painting of the martyrdom of S . See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, by Giulio Romano, carried off by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in 1811, was restored to S . Stefano in 1815 . S . Matteo, the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the D'See also:

• ORIA

Oria or See also:

• DORIA, ANDREA (1466-156o)

Doria See also:

• FAMILY

family, was founded in 1126 by Martino Doria . The See also:

• FACADE

facade dates from 1278, and the interior of the edifice dates in the main from 1543• In the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt is the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea Doria by Montorsoli, and above the main See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar hangs the See also:

• DAGGER

dagger presented to the See also:

• DOGE

doge by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III . To the See also:

• LEFT

left of the church is an exquisite See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister of 1308 with See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double columns, in which a number of See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions See also:

• RELATING

relating to the Doria family and also the statue of Andrea Doria by Montorsoli are preserved .

The little square in front of the church is surrounded by Gothic palaces of the Doria family . Of the churches the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal is the comparatively small See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of S . Lorenzo . Tradition makes its first See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation contemporary with St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence himself; and a document of 987 implies that it was even then the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan church . Reconstructed about the end of the 1th and beginning of the 12th century, it was formally consecrated by Pope See also:

• GELASIUS

Gelasius II. on the 18th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1118; and since then it has undergone a large number of extensive though partial renovations . The facade, with its three elaborate doorways, belongs to the 14th century and is a copy of French See also:

• MODELS

models of the 13th . The two side portals with Romanesque sculptures belong to the 12th-14th centuries . Some See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan reliefs are built into the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower . The interior was rebuilt in 1307, the old columns being used . The See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry, which rises above the right-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway, was erected about 1520 by the doge, Ottaviano da Campofragoso, and the See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola was erected after the designs of the architect Galeazzo See also:

• ALESSI

Alessi in 1567 . The fine See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance (1448) sculptural decorations of the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of S . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist were due to Domenico Gagini of Bissone on the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of See also:

• LUGANO (Ger. Lauis)
• LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO)

Lugano, who later transferred his activities to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo, and other Lombard masters .

An See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent VIII. forbids See also:

• WOMEN

women to enter the chapel except on one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the See also:

• YEAR

year . In the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of the cathedral is a magnificent See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• MONSTRANCE (through the French from Lat. monstrare, to show)

monstrance dating from 1553, and an octagonal bowl, the Sacro Catino, brought from Caesarea in 'Tor, which corresponds to the descriptions given of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GRAIL (formerly KAREL)
• GRAIL, THE HOLY

Grail, and was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long regarded as an See also:

• EMERALD

emerald of matchless value, but was found when broken at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, whither it had been carried by Napoleon I., to be only a remark-able piece of ancient See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass . The See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir-stalls are a very fine See also:

• WORK

work of the 15th century and later, with intarsias . Near the cathedral is a small 12th-century (?) cloister . Of older date than the cathedral is the church of S . See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose and S . See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew, if its first foundation be correctly assigned toi the Milanese See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop Honoratus of the 6th century; but the present edifice is due to the Society of Jesus, who obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the church in 1587 . The interior is richly decorated and contains the " See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

Circumcision " and " St See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius" by See also:

• RUBENS, PETER PAUL (1577-164o)

Rubens, and the " See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption " of Guido Reni . The Annunziata del Guastato is one of the largest churches in the city, erected in 1587 . It is a cruciform structure, with a dome, and the central See also:

• NAVE

nave is supported by fourteen Corinthian columns of white marble . To the otherwise unfinished See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick facade a portal See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by marble columns was added in 1843 . The interior is covered with See also:

• GILDING

gilding and frescoes of the 17th century, and is somewhat overloaded with See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich decoration, while a range of white marble columns supports the nave .

See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria delle See also:

• VIGNE, PAUL DE (1843-1901)

Vigne probably dates from the 9th century, but the present structure was erected in 1586 . The campanile, however, is a remarkable work of the 13th century . Adjoining the church is a ruined cloister of the 11th century . See also:

• SAN

San Siro, originally the " Church of the Apostles" and the cathedral of Genoa, was rebuilt by the See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines in the 11th century, and restored and enlarged by the Theatines in 1576, the facade being added in 183o; in this church in 1339 See also:

• SIMONE (1457—1508)

Simone Boccanera was elected first doge of Genoa . Santa Maria di See also:

• CARIGNANO

Carignano, or more correctly Santa Maria Assunta e SS . Fabiano e Sebastiano, belongs mainly to the 16th century, and was designed by Galeazzo Alessi, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of See also:

• BRAMANTE, or BRAMANTE

Bramante's See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for S . See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, as it was then being executed by See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo . The interior is fine, harmonious and restrained, painted in white and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, while the colouring of the exterior is less pleasing . From the highest See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of the dome—368 ft. above the sea-level, and 194 ft. above the ground—a magnificent view is obtained of the city and the neighbouring See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Buildings of the 15th century do not occupy an important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Genoa, but there are some small private houses and remains of sculptural decoration of the Early Renaissance to be seen in the older portions of the town . The palaces of the Genoese See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians, famous for their sumptuous See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, their See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general effectiveness (though the architectural details are often faulty if closely examined), and their See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic collections, were many of them built in the latter part of the 16th century by Galeazzo Alessi, a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Michelangelo, whose style is of an imposing and See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and displays marvellous ingenuity in using a limited or unfavourable site to the greatest See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . Several of the villas in the vicinity of the city are also his work .

The Via See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi is flanked by a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of magnificent palaces, chief among which is the Palazzo Rosso, so called from its red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . Formerly the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the Brignole-See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

Sale family, it was presented by the duchess of Galliera to the city in 1874, along with its valuable contents, its library and picture gallery, which includes fine examples of See also:

• VAN

Van Dyck and Paris See also:

• BORDONE, PARIS (1495-1570)

Bordone . The Palazzo Municipale, built by Rocco Lurago at the end of the 16th century, once the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the dukes of See also:

• TURIN

Turin, has a beautiful entrance See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and a See also:

• HANGING

hanging terraced See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden fronting a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase of marble which leads to the spacious See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council chamber . In an adjoining room are preserved a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze tablet dating from 117 B.C . (see below), two autograph letters of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, and the See also:

• VIOLIN

violin of See also:

• PAGANINI, NICOLO (1784-1840)

Paganini, also a native of Genoa . Opposite the Palazzo Rosso is the Palazzo Bianco, a palace full of See also:

• ART

art treasures bequeathed to the city by the duchess of Galliera upon her See also:

• DEATH

death in 1889, and subsequently converted into a museum . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquities here preserved belong to other places—See also:

• LUNA (mod. Luni)
• LUNA, ALVARO DE (d. 1453)

Luna, Libarna, &c . The Adorno, Giorgio Doria (both containing small but choice picture-galleries), Parodi and Serra and other palaces in this See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street are worthy of mention . The Via See also:

• BALBI, ADRIAN (1782-1848)

Balbi again contains a number of palaces . The Durazzo Pallavicini palace has a noble facade and staircase and a rich picture-gallery . The street takes its name, however, from the Palazzo Balbi-Senarega, which has Doric colonnades and a fine orangery . The Palazzo dell' University has an extremely fine court and staircase of the early 17th century .

The Palazzo Reale is also handsome but somewhat later . The Palazzo Doria in the Piazza del Principe, presented to Andrea Doria by the Genoese in 1522, is on the other hand earlier; it was remodelled in 1529 by Montorsoli and decorated with fine frescoes by Perino del Vaga . The old palace of the doges, originally a building of the 13th century, to which the tower alone belongs,. the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the building having been remodelled in the 16th century and modernized after a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1777, stands in the Piazza Umberto Primo near the cathedral, and now contains the See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph and other See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices . Another very fine building is the Gothic Palazzo di S . Giorgio, near the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, dating from about 126o, occupied from 1408 to 1797 by the Banca di S . Giorgio, and now converted into a produce See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . The Campo Santo or Cimitero di Staglieno, about 11 m. from the city on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Bisagno, is one of the chief features of Genoa; its situation is of great natural beauty and it is remark-able for its sepulchral monuments, many of which have been executed by the foremost sculptors of modern Italy . The university, founded in 1471, is a flourishing institution with faculties in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . Attached to it are a library, an See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, a botanical garden, and a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and natural See also:

• HISTORY

history museum . Genoa is also well supplied with technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and other institutions for higher See also:

• EDUCATION

education, while ample See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision is made for See also:

• PRIMARY

primary education . The hospitals and the See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum for the poor are among the finest institutions of their See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in Italy . Mention must also be made of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Fine Arts, the mwucipal-library, the great Teatro Carlo Felice and the See also:

• VERDI, GIUSEPPE FORTUNINO FRANCESCO (1813-1901)

Verdi s~ ttute of See also:

• MUSIC

Music .

The irregular See also:

• RELIEF

relief, of its site and its long confinement within the limits of fortifications, which it had outgrown, have both contributed to render Genoa a picturesque confusion of narrow streets, lanes and alleys, varied with stairways climbing the steeper slopes and See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges spanning the deeper valleys . Large portions of the town are inaccessible to See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary carriages, and many of the important streets have very little room for See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . In modern times, however, a number of fine streets and squares with beautiful gardens have been laid out . The Piazza See also:

• FERRARI, GAUDENZIO (1484-1549)
• FERRARI, GIUSEPPE (1812–1876)
• FERRARI, PAOLO (1822–1889)

Ferrari, a large irregular space, is the chief See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus of traffic and the centre of the Genoese See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway See also:

• SYSTEM

system; it is embellished with a fine equestrian statue of Garibaldi, unveiled in 1893, which stands in front of the Teatro Carlo Felice . Leading from this piazza is the Via Venti Settembre, a broad, handsome street laid out since 1887, leading See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east to the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte Pila, the central See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the Bisagno . The street is itself spanned by an elegant bridge carrying the Corso Andrea See also:

• PODESTA (Lat. potestas, power)

Podesta, a modern See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue on the heights above . Adjoining the church of the Madonna della Consolazione is the new See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market, a building of no little beauty . The Via See also:

• ROMA

Roma, another important centre of traffic which gives on to the Via Carlo Felice near the Piazza Ferrari, leads to the Piazza Corvetto, in the centre of which stands the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal equestrian statue of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel II . To the left is the Villetta Dinegro, a beautiful See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park belonging to the city, decorated with cascades and a number of statues and busts of prominent statesmen and citizens . To the right is another park, the Acquasola, laid out in 1837 on the site of the old ramparts . In the west of the city, in front of the principal station, is the Piazza Acquaverde . On the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north side, embowered in See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm trees, is a great statue of Columbus, at whose feet kneels the figure of See also:

• AMERICA

America .

Opposite is the Palazzo Faraggiana, with scenes from the See also:

• LIFE

life of Columbus in relief on its marble See also:

• PEDIMENT (equivalents, Gr. &ros, Lat. fastigium, Fr. ponton)

pediment . Among other modern thoroughfares, the Via di Circonvallazione a Monte, laid out since 1876 on the hills at the back of the town, leads by many curves from the Piazza See also:

• MANIN, DANIELE (1804–18J7)

Manin along the hill-tops westward, and finally descends into the Piazza Acquaverde; its entire length is traversed by an electric tramway, and it commands magnificent views of the town . A similar road, the Via di Circonvallazione a See also:

• MARE

Mare, was laid out in 1893--1895 on the site of the See also:

• OUTER

outer ramparts, and skirts the sea-front from the Piazza See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour to the mouth of the Bisagno, thence ascending the right See also:

• BANK

bank to the Ponte Pila . Genoa is remarkably well served with electric tramways, which are found in all the wider streets, and run, often through tunnels, into the suburbs and to the surrounding country on the east as far as Nervi and to Pegli oh the west . Three funicular See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways from different points of the city give See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the highest parts of the hills behind the town . Though its existence as a maritime See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was originally due to its port, it is only since 187o that Genoa has provided the conveniences necessary for the modern development of its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Galliera's See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of £800,000 to the city in 1875 being devoted to this purpose . A further enlargement of the harbour was necessitated upon the opening of the St Gotthard See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel in 1882, which extended the commercial range of the port through See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland into See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . The old harbour is semi-circular in shape, 23a acres in area, with numerous quays, and protected by moles from See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and south-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly winds . An outer harbour, 247 acres in area, has been constructed in front of this by extending the Molo Nuovo.by the Molo Duca di Galliera, and another See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, the See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Emanuele III., for See also:

• COAL

coal vessels, with an area of 96 acres, is in course of construction to the west of this, between it and the lofty lighthouse which rises on the promontory at the south-west extremity of the harbour . This basin is to be entered from both the east and the west, and allows for a future See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension in front of San Pier d'See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

Arena as far as the mouth of the See also:

• RIVER

river Polcevera . The port See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was placed under an autonomous harbour See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board (consorzio) in I9o3; The largest See also:

• SHIPS

ships can enter the harbour, which has a minimum See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 3o ft.; it has two dry docks, a graving See also:

• DOCK

dock and a floating dry dock . Very large warehouses have been constructed .

The exports are See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, hats, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese, See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, velvets, gloves, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• SOAP

soap and marble, while the main imports are coal, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, machinery, &c . Genoa has a large emigrant traffic with America, and a large general passenger steamer traffic both for America and for the East . The development of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry has kept See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace with that of the harbour . The Ansaldo See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards construct armoured cruisers both for the Italian See also:

• NAVY

navy and for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign, governments, The Odero yards, for the construction of See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant and passenger steamers, have been similarly extended, and the Foce yard is also important . A number of foundries and metallurgical See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply material for See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs and shipbuilding . The See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-refining industry has been introduced by two important companies, and most of the capital employed in sugar-refining in other parts of Italy has been subscribed at Genoa, where the administrative offices of the principal companies and individual refiners are situated . The old See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of See also:

• MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni and cognate products maintain their superiority . Tanneries and cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills have considerably extended throughout the province . See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

Cement works have acquired an extension previously unknown, more than See also:

• THIRTY

thirty firms being now engaged in that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of industry . The manufactures of crystallized fruits and of See also:

• FILIGREE (formerly written filigrann or filigrane; the Ital. filigrana, Fr. filigrane, Span. filigrana, Ger. Drahtgefiecht)

filigree silver-work may also be mentioned . The trade of the port increased from well under 1,000,000 tons in 1876 to 6,164,873 metric tons in 1906 (the latter figure, however, includes See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home trade in a proportion of about 12%) . Of this large See also:

• TOTAL

total 5,365,544 tons are imports and only 799,319 tons are exports, and, comparing 1906 with 1905, we have a decrease of 34,355 tons on the exports, and an increase of 436,123 tons on the imports .

The effect upon the railway problem is of course very great, inasmuch as, while the supply of trucks required per day in 1906 was from 1000 to 1200, about 8o% of these had to be sent down empty to the harbour . Of the four main lines which centre on Genoa—(1) to Novi, which is the junction for See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria, where lines diverge to Turin and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France via the Mont Cenis, and to NovaraandSwitzerland and France via the Simplon, and for See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan; (2) to See also:

• ACQUI

Acqui and See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont; (3) to See also:

• SAVONA

Savona, See also:

• VENTIMIGLIA (Fr. Vintimille, anc. Album Intimilium or Albintimilium)

Ventimiglia and the French See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera, along the coast ; (4) to See also:

• SPEZIA

Spezia and See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa—the first line has to take no less than 78% of the traffic . It has indeed two alternative double lines for the passage over the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, but one of them has a maximum gradient of 1 : 18 and a tunnel over 2 M. long, and the other has a maximum gradient of 1 : 62, and a tunnel over 5 M. long . A marshalling station costing some £800,000, connected directly with the harbour by tunnels, with 31 M. of rails, capable of taking 2000 trucks, was constructed at Campasso in 1906 north of San Pier d'Arena (through which till then the traffic of the first three lines, representing 95% of the total, had to pass) . It is computed that some 40% of the total See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of Italy passes through Genoa; it is indeed the most important harbour inthe western Mediterranean, with the exception of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, with which it carries on a keen rivalry . Genoa has in the past been somewhat handicapped in the See also:

• RACE

race by the insufficiency of railway communication, which, owing to the mountains which encircle it, is difficult to secure, Many tunnels being necessary . The general See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the Italian railways has also affected it, and the increased traffic has not always found the necessary facilities in the way of a proper amount of trucks to receive the goods discharged, leading to considerable encumbrance of the port and consequent diversion of a certain amount of trade elsewhere, and besides this to serious temporary deficiencies in the coal supply of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Italy . The imports of Genoa are divided into four main classes: about 50% of the total See also:

• WEIGHT

weight is coal, grain about 12%, cotton about 6%, and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous about 34% . Of the coal imports the great bulk is from See also:

• BRITISH

British ports: about See also:

• HALF

half comes from See also:

• CARDIFF

Cardiff and See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry, one-tenth from other Welsh ports, one-fifth from the See also:

• TYNE

Tyne ports . The amount shows an almost continued increase from 617,798 tons in 1881 to 2,737,919 in 1906 . The total of See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping entered in 1906 was 6586 vessels with a See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of 6,867,442, while that cleared was 6611 vessels with a tonnage of 6,682,104 . History.—Genoa, being a natural harbour of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, must have been in use as a seaport as early as See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation began in the Tyrrhenian Sea .

We hear nothing from ancient authorities of its having been visited or occupied by the Greeks, but the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery of the 4th century B.c.' proves it . The construction of the Via Venti Settembre gave occasion for the discovery of a number of tombs, 85 in all, the bulk of which dated from the end of the 5th and the 4th centuries B.C . The bodies had in all cases been cremated, and were buried in small See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves, the interment itself being covered by a slab of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone . The vases were of the last red figure style, and were mostly imported from See also:

• GREECE

Greece or Magna Graecia, while the bronze See also:

• OBJECTS

objects came from See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria, and the brooches (fibulae) from See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . This illustrates the early importance of Genoa as a trading port, and the penetration of Greek customs, inhumation being the usual practice of the Ligurians . Genoa is believed to' derive its name from the fact that the shape of this portion of the coast resembles that of a See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee (gene) . We hear of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans touching here in 216 B.C., and of its destruction by the Carthaginians in 209 B.C. and immediate restoration by the Romans, who made it and Placentia their ' See Notizie degli scavi (1898), 395 (A. d'Andrade), 464 (G . Ghirardini) . 599 headquarters against the Ligurians . It was reached from Rome by the Via See also:

• AURELIA, VIA

Aurelia, which ran along the north-west coast, and its prolongation, which later acquired the name of the Via Aemilia (Scauri); for the latter was only constructed in 109 B.C., and there must have been a coast-road long before, at least as early as 148 B.C., when the Via See also:

• POSTUMIA, VIA

Postumia was built from Genua through Libarna (mod . Serravalle, where remains of an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre and inscriptions have been found), Dertona, Iria, Placentia, See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

Cremona, and thence eastwards . We also have an inscription of 117 B.C .

(now preserved in the Palazzo Municipale at Genoa) giving the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the decision given by the patroni, Q. and M . Minucius, of Genua, in accordance with a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the Roman See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate, in a controversy between the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Genua and the Langenses or Langates (also known as the Viturii), the inhabitants of a neighbouring hill-town, which was included in the territory of Genua . But none of the other inscriptions found in Genoa or existing there at the present day, which are practically all sepulchral, can be demonstrated to have belonged to the ancient city; it is equally easy to suppose that they were brought from elsewhere by sea (See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in Corp . Inscr . See also:

• LAT

Lat. v. p . 884) . It is only from inscriptions of other places that we know that it had municipal rights, and we do not know at what period it obtained them . Classical authors tell us but little of it . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (iv . 6 . 2, p . 202) states that it exported See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, skins and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, and imported olive oil and wine, though See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny speaks of the wine of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district as the best of Liguria(H.N.) xiv .

67.) The history of Genoa during the dark ages, throughout the Lombard and Carolingian periods, is but the repetition of the general history of the Italian communes, which succeeded in snatching from contending princes and barons the first charters of their freedom . The patriotic spirit and See also:

• NAVAL

naval prowess of the Genoese, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in their defensive See also:

• WARS

wars against the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, led to the foundation of a popular constitution, and to the rapid growth of a powerful marine . From the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of leaguing together against the See also:

• COMMON

common Saracen foe, Genoa See also:

• UNITED

united with Pisa early in the 1 rth century in expelling the Moslems from the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, but the Sardinian territory thus acquired soon furnished occasions of See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy to the conquering See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, and there commenced between the two republics the long naval wars destined to terminate so fatally for Pisa . With not less adroitness than See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, Genoa saw and secured all the advantages of the great carrying trade which the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades created between Western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and the East . The seaports wrested at the same period from the Saracens along the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary coasts became important Genoese colonies, whilst in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant, on the shores of the Black Sea, and along the banks of the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates were erected Genoese fortresses of great strength . No wonder if these See also:

• CON

con-quests generated in the minds of the Venetians and the Pisans fresh jealousy against Genoa, and provoked fresh wars; but the struggle between Genoa and Pisa was brought to a disastrous conclusion for the latter See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state by the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• MELORIA

Meloria in 1284 . The commercial and naval successes of the Genoese during the middle ages were the more remarkable because, unlike their rivals, the Venetians, they were the unceasing See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine discord—the Genoese See also:

• COMMONS

commons and nobles fighting against each other, See also:

• RIVAL

rival factions amongst the nobles themselves striving to grasp the supreme power in the state, nobles and commons alike invoking the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration and rule of some foreign See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain as the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole means of obtaining a temporary truce . From these contests of rival nobles, in which the names of See also:

• SPINOLA, AMBROSE, MARQUIS DE LOS BALBASES (1569-1630)
• SPINOLA, CRISTOVAL ROJAS DE (d. 1695)

Spinola and Doria stand forth with greatest prominence, Genoa was soon See also:

• DRAWN

drawn into the great vortex of the See also:

• GUELPH

Guelph and Ghibelline factions; but its recognition of foreign authority—successively See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, Neapolitan and Milanese—gave way to a state of greater independence in 1339, when the government assumed a more permanent See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form with the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of the first doge, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office held at Genoa for life, in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Simone Boccanera . Alternate victories and defeats of the Venetians and Genoese—the most terrible being the defeat sustained by the Venetians at See also:

• CHIOGGIA

Chioggia in 1380—ended by establishing the great relative inferiority of the Genoese rulers, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the power now of France, now of the See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti of Milan . The Banca di S . Giorgio, with its large possessions . mainly in See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, formed during this period the most See also:

• STABLE

stable See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the state, until in 1528 the See also:

• NATIONAL

national spirit appeared to regain its ancient vigour when Andrea Doria succeeded in throwing off the French domination and restoring the old form of government .

It was at this very period—the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 15th and commencement of the 16th century—that the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius and daring of a Genoese mariner, See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher Columbus, gave to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain that new See also:

• WORLD

world, which might have become the possession of his native state, had Genoa been able to supply him with the ships and sea-men which he so earnestly entreated her to furnish . The government as restored by . Andrea Doria, with certain modifications tending to impart to it a more conservative character, remained unchanged until the outbreak of the French Revolution and the creation of the Ligurian See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . During this long period of nearly three centuries, in which the most dramatic incident is the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of See also:

• FIESCHI, GIUSEPPE MARCO (1790-1836)

Fieschi, the Genoese found no small See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for their lost traffic in the East in the vast profits which they made as the bankers of the Spanish See also:

• CROWN

crown and outfitters of the Spanish armies and fleets both in the old world and the new, and Genoa, more fortunate than many of the other cities of Italy, was comparatively immune from foreign domination . At the end of the 17th century the city was bombarded by the French, and in 1746, after the defeat of See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza, surrendered to the Austrians, who were, however, soon driven out . A revolt in Corsica, which began in 1729, was suppressed with the help of the French, who in 1768 took possession of the island for them- selves (see CORSICA: History) . The See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-lived Ligurian republic was soon swallowed up in the French See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, not, however, until Genoa had been made to experience, by the terrible privations of the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege when See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena held the city against the Austrians (,Soo), all that was meant by a participation in the vicissitudes of the French Revolution . In 1814 Genoa See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose against the French, on the assurance given by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM (1774-1839)
• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE FREDERICK CAVENDISH

Bentinck that the allies would restore to the re-public its independence . It had, however, been determined by a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret clause of the treaty of Paris that Genoa should be incorporated with the dominions of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Sardinia . The discontent created at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by the provision of the treaty of Paris as confirmed by the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna had doubtless no slight See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in keeping alive in Genoa the republican spirit which, through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Genoese See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Mazzini, assumed forms of permanent menace not only to the Sardinian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy but to all the established governments of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula . Even the material benefits accruing from the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with Sardinia and the constitutional See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty accorded to all his subjects by King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert were unable to prevent the republican outbreak of 1848, when, after a short and See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp struggle, the city, momentarily seized by the republican party, was recovered by General Alfonzo La See also:

• MARMORA (anc. Proconnesus)
• MARMORA, SEA OF (anc. Propontis; Turk. Mermer Denisi)

Marmora . Among the earlier Genoese historians the most important are Bartolommeo Fazio and Jacopo Bracelli, both of the 15th century, and See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Partenopeo, Jacopo Bonfadio, Oberto Foglietta and Agostino Giustiniano of the 16th .

Paganetti wrote the ecclesiastical history of the city; and Accinelli and Gaggero collected material for the ecclesiastical See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology . The See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs of See also:

• LOCAL

local writers and artists were treated by Soprani and Ratti . Among more general works are See also:

• BREQUIGNY, LOUIS GEORGES OUDARD FEUDRIX DE (1714–1795)

Brequigny, Histoire See also:

• DES

des revolutions de Genes 'usqu'en 1748; Serra, La Storia dell' antica Liguria e di Genova (Turin, 1834); Varesi, Storia della repubblica di Genova sino at 1814 (Genoa, 1835–1839) ; See also:

• CANALE (or CANALETTO), ANTONIO (1697-1768)

Canale, Storia dei See also:

• GENOVESI, ANTONIO (1712-1769)

Genovesi (Genoa, 1844–1854), Nuova istoria See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta repubblica di Genova (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1858), and Storia della See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

rep. di Genova See also:

• DOLL

doll' See also:

• ANNO, or HANNO, SAINT (c. Toro—ro75)

anno 1528 at 155o (Genoa, 1874) ; See also:

• BLUMENTHAL, LEONHARD, COUNT VON (1810–1900)

Blumenthal, Zur Verfassungs- and Verwaltungsgeschichte Genua's See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im 12ten Jahrhundert (Kalbe an der See also:

• SAALE

Saale, 1872) ; See also:

• MALLESON, GEORGE BRUCE (1825-1898)

Malleson, Studies from Genoese History (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1875) . The See also:

• LIBER

Liber jurium reipublicae Genuensis was edited by Ricotti in the 7th, 8th and 9th volumes of the Monumenta historiae patriae (Turin, 1854–1857) . A great variety of interesting See also:

• MATTER

matter will be found in the Alti della Societd Ligure di storia patria (1861 sqq.), and in the Giornale Ligustico di archeologia, storia, e belle arti . The history of the university has been written by Lorenzo Isnardi, and continued by Em . Celesia (2 vols., Genoa) . (T .