See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH VON See also:

• FRIEDRICH VON GENTZ (1764-1832)

GENTZ (1764-1832)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German publicist and statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau on the 2nd of May 1764 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official, his See also:

• MOTHER

mother an See also:

• ANCILLON, CHARLES (1659-1715)
• ANCILLON, JOHANN PETER FRIEDRICH (1766-1837)

Ancillon, distantly related to the Prussian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of that name . On his father's transference to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, as director of the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint, the boy was sent to the Joachimsthal gymnasium there; his brilliant talents, however, did not develop until later, when at the university of See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant . But though his See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect was sharpened and his zeal for learning quickened by the See also:

• GREAT

great thinker's influence, Kant's " categorical imperative " did not prevent him from yielding to the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• WOMEN

women and high See also:

• PLAY

play which pursued him through See also:

• LIFE

life . When in 1785 he returned to Berlin, he received the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret secretary to the royal Generaldirectorium, his talents soon gaining him promotion to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of councillor for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war (Kriegsrath) . During an illness, which kept him virtuous by confining him to his See also:

• ROOM

room, he studied See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ENGLISH

English, gaining a mastery of these See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages which, at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time exceedingly rare, opened up for him opportunities for a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic career . His See also:

• INTEREST

interest in public affairs was, however, first aroused by the outbreak of the French Revolution . Like most See also:

• QUICK

quick-witted See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men, he greeted this at first with See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm; but its subsequent developments cooled his ardour and he was converted to more conservative counsels by See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke's See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on the French Revolution, a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of which into German (1794) was his first See also:

• LITERARY

literary venture . This was followed, next See also:

• YEAR

year, by See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of See also:

• WORKS

works on the Revolution by See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

Mallet du See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan and See also:

• MOUNIER, JEAN JOSEPH (1758-18o6)

Mounier, and at this time he also founded and edited a monthly See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, the Neue deutsche llonatsschrift, in which for five years he wrote, mainly on See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and See also:

• POLITICAL

political questions, maintaining the principles of See also:

• BRITISH

British constitutionalism against those of revolutionary See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The knowledge he displayed of the principles and practice of See also:

• FINANCE

finance was especially remarkable . In 1797, at the instance of English statesmen, he published a translation of a' ,See also:

• HISTORY

history of French finance by See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois d'Ivernois (1757–1842), an eminent Genevese See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile naturalized and knighted in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, extracts from which he had previously given in his journal . His literary output at this time, all inspired by a moderate Liberalism, was astounding, and included an essay on the results of the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America, and another, written in French, on the English See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• SYSTEM

system (Essai sur fetal de l'administrationdes finances de la Grande-Bretagne, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1800) .

Especially noteworthy, however, was the Denkschrift or Missive addressed by him to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III. on his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession (1797), in which, inter alia, he urged upon the king the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for granting freedom to the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press and to See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . For a Prussian official to venture to give uncalled-for See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign was a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of propriety not calculated to increase his chances of favour; but it gave See also:

• GENTZ, FRIEDRICH VON (1764-1832)

Gentz a conspicuous position in the public See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, which his brilliant talents and literary See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style enabled him to maintain . Moreover, he was from the first aware of the probable developments of the Revolution and of the consequences to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia of the weakness and vacillations of her policy . Opposition to France was the inspiring principle of the Historisches Journal founded by him in 1799–1800, which once more held up English institutions as the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, and became in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the mouth-piece of British policy towards the revolutionary aggressions of the French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . In 1801 he ceased the publication of the Journal, because he disliked the regularity of journalism, and issued instead, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Beitrage zur Geschichte, &c., a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of essays on contemporary politics . The first of these was Uber den Ursprung and Charakter See also:

• DES

des Krieges gegen See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die franzosische Revolution (18o1), by many regarded as Gentz's masterpiece; another important brochure, Von dem politischen Zustande von See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa vor and nach der Revolution, a See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of Hauterive's De l'etat de la France d la fin de l'an VIII, appeared the same year . This activity gained him recognition abroad and gifts of See also:

• MONEY

money from the British and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian governments; but it made his position as an official in Berlin impossible, for the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government had no mind to abandon its attitude of cautious See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality . Private affairs also combined to urge Gentz to leave the Prussian service; for, mainly through' his own See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, a separation with his wife was arranged . In May 1802, accordingly, he took leave of his wife and See also:

• LEFT

left with his friend See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller for See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . In Berlin he had been intimate with the Austrian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• STADION, JOHANN PHILIPP KARL JOSEPH (1763—1824)

Stadion, whose See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good offices procured him an introduction to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis . The immediate result was the title of imperial councillor, with a yearly See also:

• SALARY

salary of 4000 gulden (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 6th, 1802); but it was not till 1809 that he was actively employed . Before returning to Berlin to make arrangements for transferring himself finally to Vienna, Gentz paid a visit to London, where he made the acquaintance of See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt and See also:

• GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, GRANVILLE
• GRANVILLE, JOHN CARTERET, EARL (1690-1763)

Granville, who were so impressed with his talents that, in addition to large money presents, he was guaranteed an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension by the British government in recognition of the value of the services of his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen against See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte .

From this time forward he was engaged in a ceaseless polemic against every fresh advance of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and pretensions; with matchless See also:

• SARCASM

sarcasm he lashed " the nerveless policy of the courts, which suffer indignity with resignation "; he denounced the recognition of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's imperial title, and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a manifesto of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. against it . The formation of the See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition and the outbreak of war for a while raised his hopes, in spite of his lively distrust of the competence of Austrian ministers; but the hopes were speedily dashed by See also:

• AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

Austerlitz and its results . Gentz used his enforced leisure to write a brilliant essay on " The relations between England and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain before the outbreak of war between the two See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers " (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 18o6); and shortly after-wards appeared Fragmente aus der neuesten Geschichte des politischen Gleichgewichts in Europa (translated s.t . Fragments on the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

Balance of Power in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, London, 18o6) . This latter, the last of Gentz's works as an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent publicist, was a masterly expose of the actual political situation, and at the same time prophetic in its suggestions as to how this should be retrieved: " Through Germany Europe has perished, through Germany it must rise again." He realized that the dominance of France could only be broken by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and Prussia, acting in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . He watched with interest the Prussian military preparations, and, at the invitation of Count See also:

• HAUGWITZ, CHRISTIAN AUGUST HEINRICH KURT, COUNT VON, FREIHERR VON KRAPPITZ (1752-1831)

Haugwitz, he went at the outset of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign to the Prussian headquarters at See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt, where he drafted the king's See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation and his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Napoleon . The writer was known, and it was in this connexion that Napoleon referred to him as " a wretched seen again since their parting at Berlin, and his relations with other women, mostly of the highest rank, were too numerous to See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . But See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion tormented him to the end, and his infatuation for Fanny See also:

• ELSSLER, FANNY (1810-1884)

Elssler, the celebrated danseuse, forms the subject of some remarkable letters to his friend Rahel, the wife of Varnhagen von Ense (1830–1831) . He died on the 9th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1832 . Gentz has been very aptly described as a See also:

• MERCENARY (Lat. mercenarius, from merces, reward, gain)

mercenary of the pen, and assuredly no other such mercenary has ever carved out for himself a more remarkable career . To have done so would have been impossible, in spite of his brilliant gifts, had he been no more than the " wretched See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe " sneered at by Napoleon . Though by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth belonging to the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle class in a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of hide-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, he lived to move on equal terms in the society of princes and statesmen; which would never have been the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case had he been notoriously "bought and sold." Yet that he was in the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of receiving gifts from all and sundry who hoped for his backing is beyond dispute .

He notes that at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Vienna he received 22,000 florins through Talley-See also:

• RAND

rand from Louis XVIII., while Castlereagh gave him £600, accompanied by See also:

• LES

les plus folles prornesses; and his See also:

• DIARY

diary is full of such entries . Yet he never made any secret of these gifts; Metternich was aware of them, and he never suspected Gentz of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing or acting in consequence against his convictions . As a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man was more See also:

• FREE

free or outspoken in his criticism of the policy of his employers than this apparently venal writer . These gifts and See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions were rather in the nature of subsidies than bribes; they were the recognition by various powers of the value of an ally whose pen had proved itself so potent a weapon in their cause . It is, indeed, the very impartiality and objectivity of his attitude that make the writings of Gentz such See also:

• ILLUMINATING

illuminating documents for the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of history which they See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover . See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

Allowance must of course be made for his point of view, but less so perhaps than in the case of any other writer so intimately concerned with the policies which he criticizes . And, apart from their value as historical documents, Gentz's writings are literary monuments, classical examples of See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous and luminous German See also:

• PROSE

prose, or of French which is a model for diplomatic style . A selection of Gentz's works (Ausgewahlte Schriften) was published by Weick in 5 vols . (1836–1838); his lesser works (See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim, 1838–184o) in 5 vols. and Memoir-es et lettres inedites (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1841) were edited by G . Schlesier . Subsequently there have appeared Briefe an Chr . Garve (Breslau, 1857) ; See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence (Briefwechsel) with Adam Muller (Stuttgart, 1857) ; Briefe an Pilat (2 vols., Leipzig, 1868) ; Aus dem Nachlass Friedrichs von Gentz (2 vols.), edited by Count Anton Prokesch-Osten (Vienna, 1867) ; Aus der See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

alten Registratur der Staats-Kanzlei: Briefe politischen Inhalls von and an See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich von Gentz, edited by C. von Klinkowstrom (Vienna, 1870) ; Depeches inedites du chev. de Gentz aux Hospodars de Valachie 1813–1828 (a correspondence on current affairs commissioned by the Austrian government), edited by Count Anton von Prokesch-Osten the younger, (3 vols., See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1876), incomplete, but partly supplemented in Oesterreichs Teilnahme an den Befreiungskriegen (Vienna, 1887), a collection of documents of the greatest value; Zur Geschichte der orientalischen Prager Briefe aus dem Nachlass Friedrichs von Gentz (Vienna, 1877), edited by Count Prokesch-Osten the younger .

Finally Gentz's diaries, from 1800 to 1828, an invaluable mine of See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic material, were edited by Varnhagen von Ense and published after his See also:

• DEATH

death under the title Tagebiicher, &c . (Leipzig, 1861; new ed .. 4 vols., ib . 1873) . Several lives of Gentz exist . The latest is by E . Guglia, Friedrich von Gentz (Vienna, 1901) . (W . A . P.) scribe named Gentz, one of those men without See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour who sell themselves for money." In this See also:

• MISSION

mission Gentz had no official See also:

• MANDATE (Mandatum)

mandate from the Austrian government, and whatever hopes he may have cherished of privately influencing the situation in the direction of an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between the two German powers were speedily dashed by the campaign of See also:

• JENA

Jena . The downfall of Prussia left Austria the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of Germany and of Europe . Gentz, who from the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 18o6 onwards divided his time between See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague and the Bohemian watering-places, seemed to devote himself wholly to the pleasures of society, his fascinating See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality gaining him a ready reception in those exalted circles which were to prove of use to him later on in Vienna .

But, though he published nothing, his pen was rot idle, and he was occupied with a series of essays on the future of Austria and the best means of liberating Germany and redressing the balance of Europe; though he himself confessed to his friend Adam Muller (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 4th, 18o6) that, in the See also:

• MISER

miser-able circumstances of the time, his essay on " the principles of a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general pacification " must be taken as a " political poem." In 1809, on the outbreak of war between Austria and France, Gentz was for the first time actively employed by the Austrian government under Stadion; he drafted the proclamation announcing the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of war (15th of See also:

• APRIL

April), and during the continuance of hostilities his pen was ceaselessly employed . But the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of 1810 and the fall of Stadion once more dashed his hopes, and, disillusioned and " hellishly blase," he once more retired to See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative inactivity at Prague . Of Metternich, Stadion's successor, he had at the outset no high See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and it was not till 1812 that there sprang up between the two men the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close relations that were to ripen into life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long friendship . But when Gentz returned to Vienna as Metternich's adviser and henchman, he was no longer the fiery patriot who had sympathized and corresponded with See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein in the darkest days of German depression and in fiery periods called upon all Europe to free itself from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• RULE

rule . Disillusioned and cynical, though clear-sighted as ever, he was henceforth before all things an Austrian, more Austrian on occasion even than Metternich; as, e.g., when, during the final stages of the campaign of 1814, he expressed the hope that Metternich would substitute " Austria " for " Europe " in his See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy and—See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange advice from the old hater of Napoleon and of France—secure an Austro-French alliance by maintaining the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of See also:

• MARIE

Marie See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise on the See also:

• THRONE

throne of France . For ten years, from 1812 onward, Gentz was in closest See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with all the great affairs of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European history, the assistant, confidant, and adviser of Metternich . He accompanied the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor on all his journeys; was See also:

• PRESENT

present at all the conferences that preceded and followed the war; no political secrets were hidden from him; and his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand drafted all important diplomatic documents . He was secretary to the congress of Vienna (1814–1815) and to all the congresses and conferences that followed, up to that of See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona (1822), and in all his vast knowledge of men and affairs made him a power . He was under no illusion as to their achievements; his memoir on the See also:

• WORK

work of the congress of Vienna is at once an incisive piece of criticism and a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of his own disillusionment . But the Liberalism of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years was gone for ever, and he had become reconciled to Metternich's view that, in an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of decay, the sole See also:

• FUNCTION

function of a statesman was to " prop up mouldering institutions." It was the hand of the author of that offensive Missive to Frederick William III., on the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the press, that drafted the See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad decrees; it was he who inspired the policy of repressing the freedom of the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities; and he noted in his diary as " a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day more important than that of Leipzig " the session of the ,Vienna See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of 1819, in which it was decided to make the See also:

• CONVOCATION
• CONVOCATION (Lat. convocatio, a calling together)

convocation of representative assemblies in the German states impossible, by enforcing the letter of See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

Article XIII. of the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation . As to Gentz's private life there is not much to be said . He remained to the last a man of the See also:

• WORLD

world, though tormented with an. exaggerated terror of death .