See also:

• JEAN

JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE GERARD (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

GERARD (1803-1847)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French caricaturist, generally known by the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym of Grandville—the professional name of his grandparents, who were actors—was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NANCY

Nancy on the 13th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1803 . He received his first instruction in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing from his See also:

• FATHER

father, a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature painter, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-one came to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he soon afterwards published a collection of lithographs entitled See also:

• LES

Les Tribulations de la petite propriete . He followed this by Les Plaisirs de touldge and La Sibylle See also:

• DES

des salons; but the See also:

• WORK

work which first established his fame was Metamorphoses du jour, published in 1828, a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of seventy scenes in which individuals' with the bodies of men and faces of animals are made to See also:

• PLAY

play a 'human See also:

• COMEDY

comedy . These drawings are remarkable for the extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary skill with which human characteristics are represented in See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal features . The success of this work led to his being engaged as See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic contributor to various See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals, such as La See also:

• SILHOUETTE, ETIENNE DE (1709-1767)

Silhouette, L' Artiste, La See also:

• CARICATURE (Ital. caricatura, i.e. "ritratto ridicolo," from caricare, to load, to charge; Fr. charge)

Caricature, Le See also:

• CHARIVARI

Charivari; and his See also:

• POLITICAL

political caricatures, which were characterized by marvellous fertility of was captured by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Jannaeus (c . 83 B.C.), rebuilt by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans (c . A.D . 65), burned by the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews in revenge for the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre at Caesarea, and again plundered and depopulated by Annius, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian; but, in spite of these disasters, it was still in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era one of the wealthiest and most flourishing cities of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . It was a centre of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, devoted especially to the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis, and producing famous teachers, of whom See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine mentions Ariston, Kerykos and See also:

• PLATO

Plato . As See also:

• LATE

late as 1121 the soldiers of See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin II. found it defended by a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle built by a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus; but at the beginning of the following See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the Arabian geographer Yaqut speaks of it as deserted and overthrown . The ruins of Jerash, discovered about 18o6, and since then frequently visited and described, still attest the splendour of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . They are distributed along both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Kerwan, a See also:

• BROOK

brook which flows See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south through the See also:

• WADI

Wadi-ed-Der to join the Zerka or Jabbok; but all the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal buildings are situated on the level ground to the right of the stream .

The See also:

• TOWN

town walls, which can still be traced and indeed are partly See also:

• STANDING

standing, had a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of not more than 2 m., and the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street was less than See also:

• HALF

half a mile in length; but remains of buildings on the road for fully a mile beyond the south See also:

• GATE

gate, show that the town had outgrown the limit of its fortifications . The most striking feature of the ruins is the See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• FUSION

fusion of columns, no fewer than 230 being even now in position; the main street is a continuous See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade, a large See also:

• PART

part of which is still entire, and it terminates to the south in a See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum of similar formation . Among the public buildings still recognizable are a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre capable of accommodating hobo spectators, a naumachia (See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus for See also:

• NAVAL

naval combats) and several temples, of which the largest was probably the grandest structure in the city, possessing a See also:

• PORTICO (Ital. for " porch," Lat. porticus)

portico of Corinthian pillars 38 ft. high . The desolation of the city is probably due to See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake; and the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of Moslem erections or restorations seems to show that the disaster took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place before the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The town is now occupied by a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Circassians, whose houses have been built with materials from the earlier buildings, and there has been much destruction of the interesting ruins . " The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of the Gerasenes " (Matt. viii . 28 and See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels; other readings, Gadarenes, Gergesenes) must be looked for in another See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter—on the E. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee, probably in the neighbourhood of the See also:

• MODERN

modern Khersa (C . W . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson in Recovery of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, p . 369) . (R . A .

S . M.) GERAULT-See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

RICHARD, See also:

• ALFRED

ALFRED See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

LEON (186o- ), French journalist and politician, was born at Bonnetable in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• SARTHE

Sarthe, of a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant See also:

• FAMILY

family . He began See also:

• LIFE

life as a working See also:

• UPHOLSTERER

upholsterer, first at Mans, then at Paris (188o), where his peasant and socialist songs soon won him fame in the Montmartre quarter . Lissagaray, the communist, offered him a position on La Bataille, and he became a See also:

• REGULAR

regular contributor to the advanced See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, especially to La Petite Republique, of which he became editor-inchief in 1897 . In 1893 he founded Le Chambard, and was imprisoned for a See also:

• YEAR

year (1894) on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal attack upon the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, Casimir-See also:

• PERIER, CASIMIR PIERRE (1777-1832)

Perier . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1895 he was elected to the chamber as a Socialist for the thirteenth See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement of Paris . He was defeated at the elections of 1898 at Paris, but was re-elected in 1902 and in 1906 by the colony of See also:

• GUADELOUPE

Guadeloupe .