JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE

See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE GERARD (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

GERARD (1803-1847)  , French caricaturist, generally known by the pseudonym of Grandville—the professional name of his grandparents, who were actors—was born at Nancy on the 13th of September 1803 . He received his first instruction in drawing from his father, a miniature painter, and at the age of twenty-one came to Paris, where he soon afterwards published a collection of lithographs entitled Les Tribulations de la petite propriete . He followed this by Les Plaisirs de touldge and La Sibylle des salons; but the work which first established his fame was Metamorphoses du jour, published in 1828, a series of seventy scenes in which individuals' with the bodies of men and faces of animals are made to play a 'human comedy . These drawings are remarkable for the extra-ordinary skill with which human characteristics are represented in animal features . The success of this work led to his being engaged as artistic contributor to various periodicals, such as La Silhouette, L' Artiste, La Caricature, Le Charivari; and his political caricatures, which were characterized by marvellous fertility of was captured by Alexander Jannaeus (c . 83 B.C.), rebuilt by the Romans (c . A.D . 65), burned by the Jews in revenge for the massacre at Caesarea, and again plundered and depopulated by Annius, the general of Vespasian; but, in spite of these disasters, it was still in the 2nd and 3rd centuries of the Christian era one of the wealthiest and most flourishing cities of Palestine . It was a centre of Greek civilization, devoted especially to the worship of Artemis, and producing famous teachers, of whom Stephen the Byzantine mentions Ariston, Kerykos and Plato . As late as 1121 the soldiers of Baldwin II. found it defended by a castle built by a king of Damascus; but at the beginning of the following century the Arabian geographer Yaqut speaks of it as deserted and overthrown . The ruins of Jerash, discovered about 18o6, and since then frequently visited and described, still attest the splendour of the Roman city . They are distributed along both banks of the Kerwan, a brook which flows south through the Wadi-ed-Der to join the Zerka or Jabbok; but all the principal buildings are situated on the level ground to the right of the stream .

The

town walls, which can still be traced and indeed are partly standing, had a circuit of not more than 2 m., and the main street was less than half a mile in length; but remains of buildings on the road for fully a mile beyond the south gate, show that the town had outgrown the limit of its fortifications . The most striking feature of the ruins is the pro-fusion of columns, no fewer than 230 being even now in position; the main street is a continuous colonnade, a large part of which is still entire, and it terminates to the south in a forum of similar formation . Among the public buildings still recognizable are a theatre capable of accommodating hobo spectators, a naumachia (circus for naval combats) and several temples, of which the largest was probably the grandest structure in the city, possessing a portico of Corinthian pillars 38 ft. high . The desolation of the city is probably due to earthquake; and the absence of Moslem erections or restorations seems to show that the disaster took place before the Mahommedan period . The town is now occupied by a colony of Circassians, whose houses have been built with materials from the earlier buildings, and there has been much destruction of the interesting ruins . " The country of the Gerasenes " (Matt. viii . 28 and parallels; other readings, Gadarenes, Gergesenes) must be looked for in another quarter—on the E. coast of the Sea of Galilee, probably in the neighbourhood of the modern Khersa (C . W . Wilson in Recovery of Jerusalem, p . 369) . (R . A .

S . M.) GERAULT-

RICHARD, ALFRED LEON (186o- ), French journalist and politician, was born at Bonnetable in the department of Sarthe, of a peasant family . He began life as a working upholsterer, first at Mans, then at Paris (188o), where his peasant and socialist songs soon won him fame in the Montmartre quarter . Lissagaray, the communist, offered him a position on La Bataille, and he became a regular contributor to the advanced journals, especially to La Petite Republique, of which he became editor-inchief in 1897 . In 1893 he founded Le Chambard, and was imprisoned for a year (1894) on account of a personal attack upon the president, Casimir-Perier . In January 1895 he was elected to the chamber as a Socialist for the thirteenth arrondissement of Paris . He was defeated at the elections of 1898 at Paris, but was re-elected in 1902 and in 1906 by the colony of Guadeloupe .