See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

GERARD OF See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

CREMONA (c. I114-1187)  , the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval translator of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy's See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

Astronomy, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CREMONA
• CREMONA, LUIGI (1830-1903)

Cremona, See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy, in or about 1114 . Dissatisfied with the meagre philosophies of his See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian teachers, he went to See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo to study in See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Moslem See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, then so famous as depositories and interpreters of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom; and, having thus acquired a knowledge of the Arabic See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, he appears to have devoted the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

• LIFE

life to the business of making Latin See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations from its literature . The date of his return to his native See also:

• TOWN

town is uncertain, but he is known to have died there in 1187 . His most celebrated See also:

• WORK

work is the Latin version by which alone Ptolemy's Almagest was known to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe until the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original MeyaXr7 luv-raEts . In addition to this, he translated various other See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, to the number, it is said, of sixty-six; among these were the Tables of " Arzakhel," or Al Zarkala of Toledo, Al See also:

• FARABI [Abu Na*r Muhammad ibn Tarkhan ul-Farabi] (ca. 870-950)

Farabi On the Sciences (De scientiis), See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid's See also:

• GEOMETRY

Geometry, Al Farghani's Elements of Astronomy, and treatises on See also:

• ALGEBRA (from the Arab. al-jebr wa'l-mugabala, transposition and removal [of terms of an equation], the name of a treatise by Mahommed ben Musa al-Khwarizmi)

algebra, See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic and See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology . In the last-named latitudes are reckoned from Cremona and Toledo . Some of the See also:

• WORKS

works, how-ever, with which he has been credited (including the Theoriaor Theorica planetarum, and the versions of See also:

• AVICENNA

Avicenna's See also:

• CANON

Canon of See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine—the basis of the numerous subsequent Latin See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of that well-known work—and of the Almansorius of See also:

• ABU

Abu Bakr Razi) are probably due to a later See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard, of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, also called Cremonensis but more precisely de Sabloneta (Sabbionetta) . This writer undertook the task of interpreting to the Latin See also:

• WORLD

world some of the best work of Arabic physicians, and his See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Avicenna is said to have been made by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERIC, HAROLD (1856-1898)

Frederic II . See' Pipini, Cronica," in See also:

• MURATORI

Muratori, Script. rer . Ital. vol. ix.; See also:

• NICOL, JAMES (1810-1879)
• NICOL, WILLIAM

Nicol . See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio, Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, vol. ii.; See also:

• TIRABOSCHI, GIROLAMO (1731—1794)

Tiraboschi, Storia della letteratura Italiana, vols. iii . (333) and iv.; Arisi, Cremona literata; Jourdain, Recherches sur . l'origine See also:

• DES

des traductions latines d'Aristote; See also:

• CHASLES, VICTOR EUPHEMIEN PHILARETE (1798-1873)

Chasles, Apeeve hislorique des methodes en geometrie, and in Comptes rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, vol. xiii. p .

506; J . T . See also:

• REINAUD, JOSEPH TOUSSAINT (1795-1867)

Reinaud, Geographic d'Aboulfeda, introduction, vol. i. pp. ccxlvi.-ccxlviii.; Boncompagni, Della vita e delle opere di Gherardo Cremonese e di Gherardo da Sabbionetta (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome,1851) . Much of the work of both the Gerards remains in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, as in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, See also:

• NATIONAL

National Library, See also:

• MSS

MSS . See also:

• LAT

Lat . 7400, 7421; MSS . Suppl . Lat . 49 ; Rome, Vatican library, 4083, and Ottobon, 1826; See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, Bodleian library, See also:

• DIGBY, KENELM HENRY (1800-188o)
• DIGBY, SIR EVERARD (1578-1606)
• DIGBY, SIR KENELM (1603-1665)

Digby, 47, 61 . The Vatican MS . 2392 is stated to contain a eulogy of " Gerard of Cremona " and a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of " translations, apparently confusing the two scholars . The former's most valuable work was in astronomy; the latter's in medicine .

(C . R .