GERMANICUS See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

CAESAR (15 B.C.—A.D. 19)  , a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and provincial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor in the reign of Tiberius . The name Germanicus, the only one by which he is known in See also:

• HISTORY

history, he inherited from his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus, the famous general, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Tiberius and stepson of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother was the younger Antonia, daughter of See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• ANTONIUS

Antonius and niece of Augustus, and he married See also:

• AGRIPPINA

Agrippina, the granddaughter of the same See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . It was natural, therefore, that he should . be regarded as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• PURPLE

purple . Augustus, it would seem, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long hesitated whether he should name him as his successor, and as a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise required his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Tiberius to adopt him, though Tiberius had a son of his own . Of his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years and See also:

• EDUCATION

education little is known . That he possessed considerable See also:

• LITERARY

literary abilities, and that these were carefully trained, we gather, both from the speeches which See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus puts into his mouth, and from the reputation he See also:

• LEFT

left as an orator, as attested by Suetonius and See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, and from the extant fragments of his See also:

• WORKS

works . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty he served his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship as a soldier under Tiberius, and was rewarded with the triumphal insignia for his services in crushing the revolt in See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia and See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia . In A.D . I I he accompanied Tiberius in his See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign on the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, undertaken, in consequence of the defeat of Varus, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of securing the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German frontier . In 12 he was made See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, and increased his popularity by appearing as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate in the courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and by the celebration of brilliant See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games . Soon afterwards he was appointed by Augustus to the important command of the eight legions on the Rhine .

The See also:

• NEWS

news of the emperor's See also:

• DEATH

death (14) found Germanicus at Lugdunum (See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons), where he was superintending the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close upon this came the See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report that a See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny had broken out among his legions on the See also:

• LOWER

lower Rhine . Germanicus hurried back to the See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, which was now in open insurrection . The tumult was with difficulty quelled, partly by well-timed concessions, for which the authority of the emperor was forged, but chiefly owing to his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal popularity . Some of the insurgents actually proposed that he should put himself at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and secure the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire for himself, but their offer was rejected with indignation . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• CALM

calm the excitement Germanicus determined at once on an active campaign . See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing the Rhine, he attacked and routed the See also:

• MARSI

Marsi, and laid See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste the valley of the See also:

• EMS

Ems . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year he marched against See also:

• ARMINIUS
• ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609)

Arminius, the conqueror the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation in Latin hexameters (generally attributed to of Vanes, and performed the last See also:

• RITES

rites over the remains of the Roman soldiers that still See also:

• LAY

lay there unburied, erecting a See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

barrow to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the spot . Arminius, however, favoured by the marshy ground, was able to hold his own, and it required another campaign before he was finally defeated . A masterly combined See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement by See also:

• LAND

land and See also:

• WATER

water enabled Germanicus to concentrate his forces against the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of the Germans encamped on the See also:

• WESER (O. Ger. Visuracha, Wisura, Lat. Visurgis)

Weser, and to crush them in two obstinately contested battles . A See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument erected on the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field proclaimed that the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of Tiberius had conquered every tribe between the Rhine and the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe . See also:

• GREAT

Great, however, as the success of the Roman arms had been, it was not such as to justify this boastful inscription; we read of renewed attacks from the barbarians, and plans of a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth campaign for the next summer .

But the success of Germanicus had already stirred the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy and fears of Tiberius, and he was reluctantly compelled to return to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . On the 26th of May 17 he celebrated a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . The See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm with which he was welcomed, not only by the populace, but by the emperor's own See also:

• PRAETORIANS

praetorians, was so great that the earliest pretext was seized to remove him from the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . He was sent to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East with extraordinary See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle a disputed See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession in See also:

• PARTHIA

Parthia and See also:

• ARMENIA (old Persian Armina, Armenian Hayasdan, or Hayq)

Armenia . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Gnaeus See also:

• CALPURNIUS, TITUS

Calpurnius See also:

• PISO

Piso, one of the most violent and ambitious of the old See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, was sent as governor of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch his movements . Germanicus proceeded by easy stages to his See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, halting on his way in Dalmatia, and visiting the See also:

• BATTLE

battle-field of See also:

• ACTIUM (mod. Punta)

Actium, See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, Ilium, and other places of historic See also:

• INTEREST

interest . At See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes he met his coadjutor Piso, who was seeking everywhere to thwart and malign him . When at last he reached his destination, he found little difficulty in effecting the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the disturbed provinces, notwithstanding Piso's violent and persistent opposition . At Artaxata See also:

• ZENO

Zeno, the popular candidate for the See also:

• THRONE

throne, was crowned See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Armenia . To the provinces of See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia and Commagene Roman See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors were assigned; Parthia was conciliated by the banishment of the dethroned king See also:

• VONONES (on coins ONONES)

Vonones . After wintering in Syria Germanicus started for a tour in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive for his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey was love of travel and antiquarian study, and it seems never to have occurred to him, till he was warned by Tiberius, that he was thereby transgressing an unwritten See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law which forbade any Roman of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank to set See also:

• FOOT

foot in Egypt without See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express permission .

On his return to Syria he found that all his arrangements had been upset by Piso . Violent recriminations followed, the result of which, it would seem, was a promise on the See also:

• PART

part of Piso to quit the province . But at this juncture Germanicus was suddenly attacked at Epidaphne near See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch by a violent illness, which he himself and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends attributed to See also:

• POISON

poison administered by Plancina, the wife of Piso, at the instigation of Tiberius . Whether these suspicions were true is open to question; it seems more probable that his death was due to natural causes . His ashes were brought to Rome in the following year (20) by his wife Agrippina, and deposited in the See also:

• GRAVE

grave of Augustus . He had nine See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, six of whom, three sons and three daughters, survived him, amongst them the future emperor Gains and the notorious Agrippina, the mother of Nero . The news of his death See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast a gloom over the whole empire . Nor was Germanicus unworthy of this passionate devotion . He had wiped out a great See also:

• NATIONAL

national disgrace; he had quelled the most formidable foe of Rome . His private See also:

• LIFE

life had been stainless, and he possessed a singularly attractive See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality . Yet there were elements of weakness in his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character which his See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short life only See also:

• HALF

half revealed: an impetuosity which made him twice threaten to take his own life; a superstitious vein which impelled him to consult oracles and shrink from See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad omens; an amiable dilettantism which led him to travel in Egypt while his enemy was plotting his ruin; a want of See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve and See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution which prevented him from coming to an open rupture with Piso till it was too See also:

• LATE

late . He possessed considerable literary abilities; his speeches and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek comedies were highly spoken of by his contemporaries .

But the only specimen of his See also:

• WORK

work that has come down to us is him, although some consider See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian the author), together with scholia, of the Phaenomena of See also:

• ARATUS

Aratus, which is See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to those of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero and See also:

• AVIENUS, RUFIUS FESTUS

Avienus (best edition by A . Breysig, 1867; 1899, without the scholia), A few extant Greek and Latin epigrams also See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the name Germanicus . In addition to monographs by A . See also:

• ZINGERLE, IGNAZ VICENZ (1825-1892)

Zingerle (See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent, 1867) and A . Breysig (See also:

• ERFURT

Erfurt, 1892), there are See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on the German See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns by E. von Wietersheim (185o), P . See also:

• HOFER, ANDREAS (1767-181o)

Hofer (1884), F . Knoke (1887, 1889), W . Fricke (1889), A . Taramelli (1891), Dahm (1902) . See Tacitus, See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals, i.-iv . (ed . See also:

• FURNEAUX, TOBIAS (1735-1781)

Furneaux) ; Suetonius, Augustus, Tiberius; J .

C . Tarver, Tiberius (1902) ; See also:

• MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893)
• MERIVALE, HERMAN (1806-1874)

Merivale, Hist. of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans under the Empire, chs . 42, 43; H . See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, Geschichte der romischen Kaiserzeit, i . 1 (1883), pp . 227, 258, 261-266, 270-276; M . Schanz, Geschichte der rOmischen Litteratur, pt. ii . (2nd ed., 1901), and See also:

• TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel-See also:

• SCHWABE, SAMUEL HEINRICH (1789–1875)

Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Literature (Eng. tr., 1900), 275 .