GESNER  [improperly See also:

• GESSNER,

GESSNER; in Latin, GESNERUSI, KONRAD VON (1516—1565), See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German-Swiss writer and naturalist, called " the German See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny " by See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich on the 26th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1516 . The son of a poor furrier, he was educated in that See also:

• TOWN

town, but See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into See also:

• GREAT

great need after the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• FATHER

father at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Kappel (1531) . He had See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, however, in his old See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, See also:

• MYCONIUS, FRIEDRICH (1490-1546)
• MYCONIUS, OSWALD (1488-1552)

Myconius, and subsequently in Heinrich See also:

• BULLINGER, HEINRICH (1504-1575)

Bullinger, and he was enabled to continue his studies at the 9 I 0 See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg and See also:

• BOURGES

Bourges (1532-1533); he found also a generous See also:

• PATRON

patron in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (1534), in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• JOB

Job . Steiger of Berne . In 1535 the religious troubles drove him back to Zurich, where he made an imprudent See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . His friends again came to his aid, enabled him to study at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel (1536), and in 1537 procured for him the professorship of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek at the newly founded See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne (then belonging to Berne) . Here he had leisure to devote himself to scientific studies, especially See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany . In 1540-1541 he visited the famous medical university of See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, took his degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine (1541) at Basel, and then settled down to practise at Zurich, where he obtained the See also:

• POST

post of lecturer in physics at the Carolinum . There, apart from a few journeys to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign countries, and See also:

• ANNUAL

annual summer botanical journeys in his native See also:

• LAND

land, he passed the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his See also:

• LIFE

life . He devoted himself to preparing See also:

• WORKS

works on many subjects of different sorts . He died of the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague on the 13th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1565 . In the previous See also:

• YEAR

year he had been ennobled .

To his contemporaries he was best known as a botanist, though his botanical See also:

• MSS

MSS. were not published till See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after his death (at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg, 1751-1771, 2 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio), he himself issuing only the Enchiridion historiae plantarum (1541) and the Catalogus plantarum (1542) in four See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues . In 1545 he published his remarkable Bibliotheca universalis (ed. by J .. See also:

• SIMLER, JOSIAS (1530-1576)

Simler, 1574), a See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue (in Latin, Greek and See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew) of all writers who had ever lived, with the titles of their works, &c . A second See also:

• PART

part, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Pandeclarium sive partitionum universalium Conradi Gesneri Ligurini libri xxi., appeared in 1548; only nineteen books being then concluded . The 21st See also:

• BOOK

book, a theological See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia, was published in 1549, but the loth, intended to include his medical See also:

• WORK

work, was never finished . His great zoological work, Historia animalium, appeared in 4 vols . (quadrupeds, birds, fishes) folio, 1551-1558, at Zurich, a fifth (See also:

• SNAKES

snakes) being issued in 1587 (there is a German See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, entitled Thierbuch, of the first 4 vols., Zurich, 1563) : this work is the starting-point of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology . Not content with such vast works, Gesner put forth in 1555 his book entitled Mithridates de differentiis linguis, an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of about 130 known See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, with the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer in 22 tongues, while in 1556 appeared his edition of the works of See also:

• AELIAN (AELIANUS TACTICUS)
• AELIAN (CLAUDIUS AELIANUS)

Aelian . To non - scientific readers, Gesner will be best known for his love of mountains (below the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• LINE

line) and for his many excursions among them, undertaken partly as a botanist, but also for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere exercise and enjoyment of the beauties of nature . In 1541 he prefixed to a singular little work of his (Libellus de lacte et operibus lactariis) a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter addressed to his friend, J . See also:

• VOGEL, EDUARD (1829-1856)
• VOGEL, SIR JULIUS (1835-1899)

Vogel, of See also:

• GLARUS (Fr. Glaris)

Glarus, as to the wonders to be found among the mountains, declaring his love for them, and his See also:

• FIRM

firm resolve to climb at least one See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain every year, not only to collect See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, but in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to exercise his See also:

• BODY

body . In 1555 Gesner issued his narrative (Descriptio Montis Fracti sive Montis Pilati) of his excursion to the Gnepfstein (6299 ft.), the lowest point in the See also:

• PILATUS, LEO, or LEONTIUS [LEONZIo PILATO] (d. 1366)

Pilatus See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain, and therein explains at length how each of the senses of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is refreshed in the course of a mountain excursion .

Lives by J . Hanhart (See also:

• WINTERTHUR

Winterthur, 1824) and J . Simler (Zurich, 1566) ; see also Lebert's Gesner als Arzt (Zurich, 1854) . A part of his unpublished See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, edited by Prof . Schmiedel, was published at Nuremberg in 1753 .