See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, at the junction of the See also:

• SCHELDT (Fr. Escaut, Flem. Schelde)

Scheldt and the Lys (Ley) . Pop . (1880) 131,431, (1904) 162,482 . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is divided by the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers (including the small streams Lieve and Moere) and by canals, some navigable, into numerous islands connected by over 200 See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges of various sorts . Within the limits of the See also:

• TOWN

town, which is 6 m. in circumference, are many gardens, meadows and promenades; and, though its characteristic lanes are gloomy and narrow, there are also broad new streets and See also:

• FINE

fine quays and docks . The most conspicuous See also:

• BUILDING

building in the city is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St Bavon' (Sint Baafs), the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich interior of which contrasts strongly with its somewhat heavy exterior . Its See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt See also:

• DATES

dates from 941, the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir from 1274-1300, the See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic choir chapels from the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and the See also:

• NAVE

nave and See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept from 1533-1554 . Among the treasures of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church is the famous " See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

Worship of the See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

Lamb " by See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert and See also:

• JAN

Jan See also:

• VAN

van See also:

• EYCK, VAN

Eyck . Of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original 12 panels, taken to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France during the Revolutionary See also:

• WARS

Wars, only 4 are now here, 6 being in the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin museum and two in that of See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels . Among the other 55 churches may be mentioned that of St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Gothic building, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest church in date of See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, and that of St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, completed in 1480, with an unfinished See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower . In the centre of the city stands the unfinished See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

Belfry (Beffroi), a square tower some 300 ft. high, built 1183-1339 . It has a See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple (restored in 1854), on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of which is a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon which, according to tradition, was brought from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople either by the Varangians or by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin after the Latin See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest .

See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to it is the former See also:

• CLOTH

Cloth-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, a Gothic building of 1325 . The hotel-de-ville consists of two distinct parts . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• FACADE

facade, a magnificent example of Flamboyant Gothic, was erected between 1518 and 1533, restored in 1829 and again some fifty years later . The eastern facade overlooking the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was built in 1595-1628, in the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, with three tiers of columns . It contains a valuable collection of archives, from the 13th century onwards . On the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Lys is the Oudeburg (s'Gravenstein, See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau See also:

• DES

des Contes), the former See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of the first See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Flanders, dating from 118o and now restored . The chateau of the later counts, in which the emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, is commemorated only in the name of a See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, the Cours des Princes . To the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the Oudeburg, on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Lys, is the See also:

• MARCHE
• MARCHE, or LA MARCHE

Marche du Vendredi, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal square of the city . This was the centre of the See also:

• LIFE

life of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval city, the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of all 'See also:

• GREAT

great public functions, such as the See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage of the burghers to Bavo, or Allowin (c . 589-c . 653), See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of Ghent, was a nobleman converted by St Amandus, the apostle of Flanders . He lived first as an anchorite in the See also:

• FOREST

forest of Mendonk, and after-wards in the monastery founded with his assistance by Amandus at Ghent .

GHENT 919 the counts, and of the auto-da-fes under the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish regime . In it stands a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob van See also:

• ARTEVELDE, JACOB VAN (c. 1290-1345)
• ARTEVELDE, PHILIP VAN (c. 1340-1382)

Artevelde, by Devigne-Quyo, erected in 1863 . At a corner of the square is a remarkable See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon, known as Dulle Griete (Mad Meg), 19 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 11 ft. in circumference . It is ornamented with the arms of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, and must have been cast between 1419 and 1467 . On the Scheldt, near the Place See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent, is the Geerard-duivelsteen (chateau of See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

Devil), a 13th-century tower formerly belonging to one of the patrician families, now restored and used as the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the provincial records . Of See also:

• MODERN

modern buildings may be mentioned the University (1826), the Palais de See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice (1844), and the new See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre (1848), all designed by Roelandt, and the Institut des Sciences (1890) by A . See also:

• PAULI, REINHOLD (1823-1882)

Pauli . In the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park on the site of the citadel erected by Charles V. are some ruins of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of St Bavon and of a 12th-century octagonal See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel dedicated to St Macharius . In the park is also situated the Museum of Fine Arts, completed in 1902 . One of the most interesting institutions of Ghent is the great Beguinage (Begynhof) which, originally established in 1234 by the See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges See also:

• GATE

gate, was transferred in 1874 to the suburb of St Amandsberg . It constitutes a little town of itself, surrounded by walls and a See also:

• MOAT

moat, and contains numerous small houses, 18 convents and a church . It is occupied by some 700 See also:

• BEGUINES (Fr. beguine, Med. Lat. beguina, begina, beghina)

Beguines, See also:

• WOMEN

women devoted to good See also:

• WORKS

works (see BEGUINES) .

Near the station is a second Beguinage with 400 inmates . In addition to these there were in Ghent in 1901 fifty religious houses of various orders . As a manufacturing centre Ghent, though not so conspicuous as it was in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, is of considerable importance . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, See also:

• FLAX

flax-spinning, cotton-See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, tanning and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refining; in addition to which there are iron and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper foundries, See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-building works, breweries and factories of See also:

• SOAP

soap, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, &c . As a trading centre the city is even more important . It has See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication with the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea by a See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, greatly enlarged and deepened since 1895, which connects the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin, stretching along the north side of the city, with a spacious See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour excavated 'at Terneuzen on the Scheldt, 212 M. to the north, thus making Ghent practically a sea-See also:

• PORT

port; while a second canal, from the Lys, connects the city via Bruges with Ostende . Among the educational establishments is the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State University, founded by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I. of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands in 1816 . With it are connected a school of See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering, a school of arts and industries and the famous library (about 300,000 printed volumes and 2000 See also:

• MSS

MSS.) formerly belonging to the city . In addition there are training See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for teachers, an episcopal See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, a See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

conservatoire and an See also:

• ART

art See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy with a fine collection of pictures mainly taken from the religious houses of the city on their suppression in 1795 . The oldest Belgian newspaper, the Gazet van Gent, was founded here in 1667 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The history of the city is closely associated with that of the countship of Flanders (q.v.), of which it was the seat . It is mentioned so early as the 7th century and in 868 Baldwin of the Iron See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

Arm, first See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Flanders, who had been entrusted by Charles the Bald with the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the northern See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches, built a castle here against the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans raiding up the Scheldt .

This was captured in 949 by the emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto I. and was occupied by an imperial See also:

• BURGRAVE

burgrave for some fifty years, after which it was retaken by the counts of Flanders . Under their See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, and favoured by its site, the city rapidly See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and prosperity being reached between the 13th and 15th centuries, when it was the See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, the centre of a great cloth See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and could put some 20,000 armed citizens into the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . The wealth of the burghers during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was equalled by their turbulent spirit of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence; feuds were frequent,—against the See also:

• RIVAL

rival city of Bruges, against the counts, or, within the city itself, between the plebeian crafts and the patrician governing class . Of these risings the most notable was that, in the earlier See also:

• HALF

half of the 14th century, against See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis de See also:

• CRECY (Cressy)

Crecy, count of Flanders, under the leadership of Jacob van Artevelde (q.v.) . The earliest See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter to the citizens of Ghent was that granted by Count Philip of Flanders between 1169 and 1191 . It did little more than arrange for the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of justice by nominated jurats (scabini) under the count's bailli . Far more comprehensive was the second charter, granted by Philip's widow Mathilda, after his See also:

• DEATH

death on crusade in 1191, as the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price paid for the faithfulness of the city to her cause . The magistrates of the city were still nominated scabini (fixed at thirteen), but their duties and rights were strictly defined and the liberties of the citizens safe-guarded; the city, moreover, received the right to fortify itself and even individuals within it to fortify their houses . This charter was confirmed and extended by Count Baldwin VIII. when he took over the city from Mathilda, an important new See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision being that See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rules for the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the city were only to be made by arrangement between the count or his officials and the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the citizens . The burghers thus attained to a very considerable measure of self-government . A charter of 1212 of Count See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand (of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal) and his wife Johanna introduced a modified See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election for the scabini; a further charter (1228) fixed the executive at 39 members, including scabini and members of the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, and ordained that the bailli of the count and his servientes, like the podesths of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian cities, were not to be natives of Ghent . Thus far the constitution of the city had been wholly aristocratic; in the 13th century the See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians seem to have been See also:

• UNITED

united into a gild (Commans-gulde) from whose members the magistrates were chosen .

By the 14th century, however, the democratic See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds, notably that of the weavers, had asserted themselves; the citizens were divided for civic and military purposes into three classes; the rich (i.e. those living on capital), the weavers and the members of the 52 other gilds . In the civic executive, as it existed to the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Charles V., the deans of the two See also:

• LOWER

lower classes sat with the scabini and councillors . The constitution and liberties of the city, which survived its See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation in Burgundy, were lost for a time as a result of the unsuccessful rising against Duke Philip the Good (1450) . The citizens, however, retained their turbulent spirit . After the death of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of Burgundy, who had resided in the city, they forced her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian, to conclude the treaty of See also:

• ARRAS

Arras (1482) . They were less fortunate in their opposition to Maximilian's son, the emperor Charles V . In 1539 they refused, on the plea of their privileges, to contribute to a general tax laid on Flanders, and when Charles's See also:

• SISTER

sister Mary, the governess of the Netherlands, seized some merchants as See also:

• BAIL

bail for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment, they retaliated by See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving out the nobles and the adherents of Charles's government . The See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Charles himself, however, with an overwhelming force quelled the disturbance; the ringleaders were executed, and all the See also:

• PROPERTY

property and privileges of the city were confiscated . In addition, a fine of 150,000 See also:

• GOLDEN

golden gulden was levied on the city, and used to build the " Spanish Citadel " on the site of what is now the public park . In the long struggle of the Netherlands against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, Ghent took a conspicuous See also:

• PART

part, and it was here that, on the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1576, was signed the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument, known as the Pacification of Ghent, which established the See also:

• LEAGUE

league against Spanish tyranny . In 1584, however, the city had to surrender on onerous terms to the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• PARMA

Parma . The horrors of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and of religious persecution, and the consequent See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration or See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of its inhabitants, had wrecked the prosperity of Ghent, the recovery of which was made impossible by the closing of the Scheldt .

The city was captured by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in 1698, 1708 and 1745 . After 1714 it formed part of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Netherlands, and in 1794 became the capital of the French See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Scheldt . In 1814 it was incorporated in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the United Netherlands, and it was here that, Louis XVIII. of France took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge during the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days . . Here too was signed (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 24, 1814) the treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace between Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . After 1815 Ghent was for a time the centre of See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic opposition to Dutch See also:

• RULE

rule, as it is now that of the Flemish See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement in Belgium . During the 19th century its prosperity rapidly increased . In1866-1867, however, a serious outbreak of See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera again threatenedit with ruin; but improved sanitation, the provision of a See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of pure See also:

• WATER

water and the demolition of a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of houses unfit for habitation soon effected a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical cure . See L . A . Warnkonig, Flandrische Staats- and Rechtsgeschichte bis 1305 (3 vols., See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1835–1842), and Gueldorf, Hist. de Gand, translated from Warnkonig, with corrections and additions (Brussels, 1846) ; F. de See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

Potter, Gent van den oudsten tijd tot heden (6 vols., Ghent, 1883–1891); Van Duyse, Gand monumental et pittoresque (Brussels, 1886) ; de Vlaminck, See also:

• LES

Les Origines de la ville de Gana (Brussels, 1891); Annales Gandenses, ed . G . Funck-See also:

• BRENTANO, KLEMENS (1778-1842)
• BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH [called Lujo]

Brentano (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1895); Vuylsteke, Oorkondenboek der stad Gent (Ghent,' 1900, &c.); Karl See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, Stadte and Gilden (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1891), vol. ii. p .

175, where further authorities are cited . For a comprehensive bibliography, including monographs and published documents, see Ulysse See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, Repertoire des See also:

• SOURCES

sources hist .