GHICA  , GHIKa or GHYKA, a See also:

• FAMILY

family which played a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• MODERN

modern development of See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania, many of its members being princes of See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia and See also:

• WALACHIA, or WALLAHHIA

Walachia . According to Rumanian historians the Ghicas were of very humble origin, and came from Kiupru in See also:

• ALBANIA

Albania . 1 . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George or Gheorghe (c . 1600-1664), the founder of the family, is said to have been a playmate of another Albanian known in See also:

• HISTORY

history as Ktipruli See also:

• AGA, or AGHA

Aga, the famous See also:

• VIZIER

vizier, who re-cognized George while he was selling melons in the streets of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, and helped him on to high positions . George became See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Moldavia in 1658 and prince of Walachia in 1659–166o . He moved the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital from See also:

• TIRGOVISHTEA (Rumanian Ttrgoeiltea, or Tdrgovigtea, sometimes incorrectly written Tergovista or Tirgovist)

Tirgovishtea to See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest . From him are derived the numerous branches of the family which became so conspicuous in the history of Moldavia and Walachia . 2 . The Walachian See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch starts afresh from the great See also:

• BAN

ban See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius or Dumitru Ghica (1718–1803), who was twice married and had fourteen See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children (see RUMANIA: History) . One of these, See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory (Grigorie), prince of Walachia 1822–1828, starts a new era of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, by breaking with the traditions of the Phanariot (See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek) See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period and assisting in the development of a truly See also:

• NATIONAL

national Rumanian literature . His See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Prince See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Ghica, appointed jointly by See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (1834–1842) as See also:

• HOSPODAR

hospodar of Walachia, died in 1862 .

Under him the so-called reglement organique had been promulgated; an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to codify the See also:

• LAWS

laws in conformity with the institutions of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and to secure better See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . Prince Demetrius Ghica, who died as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Rumanian See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate in 1897, was the son of the Walachian prince Gregory . 3 . Another Gregory Ghica, prince of Moldavia from 1775 to 1777, paid with his See also:

• LIFE

life for the opposition he offered when the See also:

• TURKS

Turks ceded the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• BUKOVINA

Bukovina to See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria . 4 . See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael (Michail) (1794–1850) was the See also:

• FATHER

father of Elena (1827–1888), a well-known novelist, who wrote under the name of Dora d'See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria . Brought up, as was customary at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, under Greek influences, she showed premature intelligence and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . She continued her See also:

• EDUCATION

education in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and married a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian prince, Koltsov Mazalskiy, in 1849, but the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was an unhappy one, and in 18J5 she See also:

• LEFT

left St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg for See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, where she died in 1888 . In that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city she See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed her literary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent and published a number of See also:

• WORKS

works characterized by lightness of See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch and brilliance of description, such as Pelerinage au tombeau de See also:

• DANTE

Dante, La See also:

• VIE

Vie monastique clans See also:

• LES

les eglises orientates (1844), La Suisse See also:

• ALLEMANDE (Fr. for danse allemande, or German dance)

allemande, &c . One of her last works was devoted to the history of her own family, Gli Albanesi in Roumenia: Storia dei Principi Ghika See also:

• NEI

nei secoli X VII-See also:

• XJX

XJX (Florence, 1873) . Her See also:

• SISTER

sister was See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia, Countess O'Rourke . 5 .

Scarlat Ghica (1750-1802) was twice prince of Walachia . His See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John (Ioan) Ghica (1817-1897), a lifelong friend of Turkey, was educated in Bucharest and in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and studied See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering and See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris from 1837 to 1840; returning to Moldavia he was involved in the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of 1841, which was intended to bring about the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Walachia and Moldavia under one native prince (Michael See also:

• STURDZA, or STURZA

Sturdza) . The conspiracy failed and John Ghica became a lecturer on mathematiq at the university which was founded by Prince Sturdza in See also:

• JASSY (Iafit)

Jassy . In 1848 he joined the party of revolution and in the name of a provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government then established in Bucharest went to Constantinople to approach the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish government . Whilst there he was appointed See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey of See also:

• SAMOS

Samos (1853-1859), where he extirpated piracy, rampant in that See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . In 1859 after the union of Moldavia and Walachia had been effected Prince See also:

• CUZA (or CouzA), ALEXANDER JOHN [Alexandru Joan] (1820-1873)

Cuza induced John Ghica to return . He was the first See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister under Prince (afterwards See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King) See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• HOHENZOLLERN

Hohenzollern . His restless nature made him join the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-dynastic See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of 1870-1871 . In 1881 he was appointed Rumanian minister in See also:

• LONDON

London and retained this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office until 1889 . He died on the 7th of May 1897 in Gherghani . Besides his See also:

• POLITICAL

political distinction John Ghica earned a literary reputation by his " Letters to Alexandri " (2nd edition, 1887), his lifelong friend, written from London and describing the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Rumanian society, fast fading away . He was also the author of Amintiri din pribegie, " Recollections of See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile in 1848 " (Bucharest, 1890) and of Convorbiri Economice, discussions on economic questions (Bucharest, 1866-1873) .

He was the first to See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate the establishmentof national See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, and also, to a certain extent, principles of " exclusive dealing." (M .