See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. See also:

• LAT

Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, See also:

• ACE (derived through the Lat. as, from the Tarentine form of the Gr. etc)

ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)  . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea conveyed by the word in classic See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology is that of beings more or less manlike, but monstrous in See also:

• SIZE

size and strength . Figures like the See also:

• TITANS (Gr. Ttraaves)

Titans and the Giants whose See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth is sung by See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod in the Theogony, such as can heap up mountains to See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky and See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war beside or against the gods, must be treated, with other like monstrous figures of the wonder-tales of the See also:

• WORLD

world, as belonging altogether to the realms of mythology . But there also appear in the legends of giants some with historic significance . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and commonly repeated explanation of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek word ytyas, as connected with or derived from yrryevils, or " earth-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born," is etymologically doubtful, but at any See also:

• RATE

rate the idea conveyed by it was See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to the ancient Greeks, that the giants were earth-born or indigenous races (see See also:

• WELCKER, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB (1784-1868)

Welcker, Griechische Gotterlehre, i . 787) . The See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible (the See also:

• ENGLISH

English reader must be cautioned that the .word See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant has been there used ambiguously, from the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint downwards) touches the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• MATTER

matter in so far as it records the traditions of the Israelites of fighting in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine with tall races of the See also:

• LAND

land such as the Anakim (Numb. xiii . 33; Deut. ii . 10, iii . 11; I Sam. xvii . 4) . When See also:

• READING

reading in See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer of " the See also:

• CYCLOPES (KUKXW9rer, the round-eyed, plural of Cyclops)

Cyclopes and the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild tribes of the Giants," or of the adventures of See also:

• ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus in the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of See also:

• POLYPHEMUS

Polyphemus (Homer, .Odyss. vii .

206; ix.), we seem to come into view of dim traditions, exaggerated through the mist of ages, of pre-Hellenic barbarians, godless, cannibal, skin-clothed, hurling huge stones in their See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude warfare . Giant-legends of this class are See also:

• COMMON

common in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• ASIA

Asia, where the big and stupid giants would seem to have been barbaric tribes exaggerated into monsters in the legends of those who dispossessed and slew them . In See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times it was usual for cities to have their legends of giants . Thus See also:

• LONDON

London had See also:

• GOG (possibly connected with the Gentilic Gagaya, " of the land of Gag," used in Amarna Letters i. 38, as a synonym for " barbarian," or with Ass. Gagu, a ruler of the land of Sahi, N. of Assyria, or with Gyges, Ass. Gugu, a king of Lydia)

Gog and Magog, whose See also:

• EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL

effigies (14 ft. high) still stand in the See also:

• GUILDHALL

Guildhall (see GoG); See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp had her Antigonus, 40 ft. high; See also:

• DOUAI

Douai had Gayant, 22 ft. high, and so on . Besides the conception of giants, as See also:

• SPECIAL

special races distinct from mankind, it was a common See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of the ancients that the human See also:

• RACE

race had itself degenerated, the men of primeval ages having been of so far greater stature and strength as to be in fact gigantic . This, for example, is received by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (Hist . Nat. vii . 16), and it becomes a common See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of theologians such as See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine (De civitate Del, xv . 9), lasting on into times so See also:

• MODERN

modern that it may be found in See also:

• CRUDEN
• CRUDEN, ALEXANDER (1701-1770)

Cruden's See also:

• CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, harmony, from cum, with, and car, heart)

Concordance . Yet so far as can be judged from actual remains, it does not appear that giants, in the sense of tribes of altogether superhuman stature, ever existed, or that the men of ancient See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time were on the whole taller than those now living . It is now usual to apply the word giant not to superhuman beings but merely to unusually tall men and See also:

• WOMEN

women . In every race of mankind the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of individuals do not depart far from a certain mean or See also:

• AVERAGE

average height, while the very tall or very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short men become less and less numerous as they depart from the mean See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, till the utmost divergence is reached in a very few giants on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and a very few dwarfs on the other .

At both ends of the scale, the See also:

• BODY

body is usually markedly out of the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary proportions; thus a giant's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is smaller and a See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf's head larger than it would be if an average See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man had been magnified or diminished . The principle of the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of individuals of different sizes in a race or nation has been ably set forth by See also:

• QUETELET, LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES (1796-1874)

Quetelet (Physique sociale, vol. ii.; Anthropometrie, books iii. and iv.) . Had this principle been understood formerly, we might have been spared the pains of criticizing assertions as to giants 20 ft. high, or even more, appearing among mankind . The See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of an individual man 20 ft. high involves the existence of the race he is an extreme member of, whose meanstature would be at least 12 to 14 ft., which is a height no human being has been proved on sufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to have approached (Anthropom. p . 302) . Modern statisticians cannot accept the loose conclusion in Billion (Hist. nat., ed . Sonnini, iv . 134) that there is no doubt of giants having been 1o, 12, and perhaps 15 ft. high . Confidence is not even to be placed in ancient asserted measurements, as where Pliny gives to one Gabbaras, an Arabian, the stature of 9 ft . 9 in . (about 9 ft . 51 in .

English), capping this with the mention of Posio and Secundilla, who were See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• FOOT

foot higher . That two persons should be described as both having this same extraordinary measure suggests to the modern critic the notion of a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note jotted down on the philosopher's tablets, and never tested afterwards . Under these circumstances it is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth while to ask how it is that See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend and See also:

• HISTORY

history so abound in mentions of giants outside all probable dimensions of the human See also:

• FRAME

frame . One cause is that, when the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story-See also:

• TELLER, WILHELM ABRAHAM (1734-1804)

teller is asked the actual stature of the huge men who figure in his tales, he is not sparing of his inches and feet . What exaggeration can do in this way may be judged from the fact that the Patagonians, whose average height (5 ft . 11 in.) is really about that of the Chirnside men in See also:

• BERWICKSHIRE

Berwickshire, are described in Pigafetta's Voyage See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the World as so monstrous that the Spaniards' heads hardly reached their waists . It is reasonable to suppose, with See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• NILSSON, CHRISTINE (1843– )

Nilsson (See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive In-habitants of Scandinavia, See also:

• CHAP

chap. vi.), that in the traditions of early Europe tribes of savages may have thus, if really tall, See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded into giants, or, if short, dwindled into dwarfs . Another cause which is clearly proved to have given rise to giant-myths of yet more monstrous type has been the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of great fossil bones, as of See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth or See also:

• MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

mastodon, which were formerly supposed to be bones of giants (see See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor, Early History of Mankind, chap. xi.; Primitive Culture, chap. x.) . A tooth weighing 44 lb and a thigh-See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone 17 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long having been found in New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1712 (they were probably mastodon), Dr Increase See also:

• MATHER, COTTON (1663-1728)
• MATHER, INCREASE (1639-1723)
• MATHER, RICHARD (1596-1668)

Mather thereupon communicated to the Royal Society of London his theory of the existence of men of prodigious stature in the antediluvian world (see the Philosophical Transactions, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . 85; D . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson, Prehistoric Man, i . 54) .

The giants in the streets of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel and supporting the arms of See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

Lucerne appear to have originated from certain fossil bones found in 1577, examined by the physician See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix Plater, and pronounced to have belonged to a giant some 16 or 19 ft. high . These bones have since been referred to a very different See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological genus, but Plater's giant See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton was accepted early in the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century as a genuine relic of the giants who once inhabited the earth . Of giants in real See also:

• LIFE

life whose stature has been See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic-ally recorded Quetelet gives the See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm to See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great's Scotch giant, who measured about 8 ft . 3 in . But since his time there have been several giants who have equalled or surpassed this figure . See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick Cotler, an Irishman, who died at See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton, See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, in 1802, was 8 ft . 7 in. high . The famous " Irish giant " O'Brien (See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Byrne), whose skeleton is preserved in the museum of the Royal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Surgeons, London, was 8 ft . 4 in . Chang (Chang-woo-goo), who appeared in London in 1865–1866 and again in 188o, was 8 ft . 2 in . Josef Winkelmaier, an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian, exhibited in London on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1887, was 8 ft .

9 in.; while See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth Lyska, a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of twelve, when shown in London in 1889, had already reached 6 ft . 8 in . Machnow, a Russian, born at Charkow, was exhibited in London in his twenty-third See also:

• YEAR

year in 1905; he then stood 9 ft . 3 in., and weighed 36o lb (25 st . 10 lb) . From his See also:

• WRIST

wrist to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of his second See also:

• FINGER

finger he measured 2 ft . (see The Times, loth See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1905) . The whole subject of giant myths and the now entirely exploded theory that mankind has, as far as stature is concerned, degenerated since prehistoric times, has been ably dealt with in a See also:

• VOLUME

volume published by MM . P . E . Launois and P . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy, entitled Etudes biologiques sur See also:

• LES

les glans (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1904) .

See also E . J . See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood, Giants and Dwarfs (186o) . GIANT'S See also:

• CAUSEWAY

CAUSEWAY, a promontory of columnar See also:

• BASALT

basalt, situated on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . It is divided by whin-dykes into the Little Causeway, the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Causeway or "See also:

• HONEYCOMB

Honeycomb," as it is locally termed, and the Larger or See also:

• GRAND

Grand Causeway . The pillars composing it are See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-fitting and for the most See also:

• PART

part somewhat irregular hexagons, made up of articulated portions varying from a few inches to some feet in See also:

• DEPTH

depth, and See also:

• CONCAVE

concave or See also:

• CONVEX

convex at the upper and See also:

• LOWER

lower surfaces . In See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter the pillars vary from 15 to 20 in., and in height some are as much as 20 ft . The Great Causeway is chiefly from 20 to 30, and for a few yards in some places nearly 40 ft. in breadth, exclusive of outlying broken pieces of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . It is highest at its narrowest part . At about half a dozen yards from the cliff, widening and becoming lower, it extends outwards into a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform, which has a slight seaward inclination, but is easy to walk upon, and for nearly too yds. is always above See also:

• WATER

water . At the distance of about 150 yds. from the cliff it turns a little to the eastward for 20 or 30 yds., and then sinks into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The neighbouring cliffs exhibit in many places columns similar to those of the Giant's Causeway, a considerable exposure of them being visible at a distance of 500 to 600 yds. in the See also:

• BAY

bay to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east .

A See also:

• GROUP

group of these columns, from their arrangement, have been fancifully named the " Giant's See also:

• ORGAN

Organ." The most remarkable of the cliffs is the Pleaskin, the upper pillars of which have the appearance of a See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade, and are 6o ft. in height; beneath these is a mass of coarse See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• AMYGDALOID

amygdaloid, of the same thickness, underlain by a second range of basaltic pillars, from 40 to 50 ft. in height . The view eastward over Bengore and towards See also:

• FAIR

Fair Head is magnificent . Near the Giant's Causeway are the ruins of the castles of Dunseverick and Dunluce, situated high above the sea on isolated crags, and the swinging See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge of Carrick-a-Rede, spanning a chasm 8o ft. deep, and connecting a rock, which is used as a See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon-fishing station, with the mainland . In 1883 an electric railway, the first in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, was opened for See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic, connecting the Causeway with See also:

• PORTRUSH

Portrush and Bushmills . After a protracted lawsuit (1897–1898) the Causeway, and certain land in the vicinity, were declared to be private See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge is made for See also:

• ADMISSION

admission . GIANT'S See also:

• KETTLE, SIR RUPERT ALFRED (1817-1894)

KETTLE, GIANT'S CAULDRON Or POT-HOLE, in See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, the name applied to cavities or holes which appear to have been drilled in the surrounding rocks by eddying currents of water bearing stones, See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel and other detrital matter . The size varies from a few inches to several feet in depth and diameter . The commonest occurrence is in regions where glaciers exist or have existed; a famous locality is the Gletscher Garten of Lucerne, where there are 32 giant's kettles, the largest being 26 ft. wide and 30 ft. deep; they are also common in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway and in the United States . It appears that water, produced by the thawing of the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice and See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, forms streams on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier, which, having gathered into their courses a certain amount of morainic debris, are finally See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast down a See also:

• CREVASSE

crevasse as a swirling cascade or See also:

• MOULIN (Fr. moulin, a mill)

moulin . The sides of the crevasse are abraded, and a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft is formed in the ice . The erosion may be continued into the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the glacier; and, the ice having See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, the giant's kettle so formed is seen as an empty shaft, or as a See also:

• PIPE

pipe filled with gravel, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand or boulders . Such cavities and pipes afford valuable evidence as to the former extent of glaciers (see J .

See also:

• GEIKIE
• GEIKIE, JAMES (1839- )
• GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835- )

Geikie, The Great Ice See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age) . Similar holes are met with in See also:

• RIVER

river beds at the foot of cascades, and under some other circumstances . The See also:

• TERM

term " pot-hole " is also sometimes used synonymously with " See also:

• SWALLOW (A. S. swalewe, Icel. svala, Du. zwaluw, Ger. Schwalbe)

swallow-hole" (q.v.) .