GIBRALTAR  , a See also:

• BRITISH

British fortress and See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony at the western entrance to the Mediterranean . The whole territory is rather less than 3 M. in length from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and varies in width from 4 to m . Gibraltar is called after Tariq (or Tarik) See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

ben Zaid, its name being a corruption of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Tariq (See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Tariq) . Tariq invaded See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia in A.D . 711 with an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of 12,000 See also:

• ARABS

Arabs and See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers, and in the last days of See also:

• JULY

July of that See also:

• YEAR

year destroyed the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in a three days' fight on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river Guadalete near where Jerez de la Frontera now stands . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure his communications with See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa he ordered the See also:

• BUILDING

building of a strong See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle upon the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock, known to the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans as See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons Calpe . This See also:

• WORK

work, begun in the year of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BATTLE

battle, was completed in 742 . It covered a wide See also:

• AREA

area, reaching from the shores of the See also:

• BAY

bay to a point See also:

• HALF

half-way up the north-western slope of the rock; here the keep, a massive square See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, still stands and is known as the Moorish castle . The Rock itself is about 221n. in length, and at its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end rises almost perpendicularly from the See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat sandy ground which connects it with the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish mainland . At the north end, on the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the Rock 1200 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, is the Rock See also:

• GUN

gun, famous in the great See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . Some six furlongs to the south is the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal station (1255 ft.), through which the names and messages of passing See also:

• SHIPS

ships are cabled to all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world . Rather less than m. south of the signal station is O'Hara's Tower (1408 ft.) , the highest point of the Rock .

South of O'Hara's Tower the ground falls steeply to See also:

• WINDMILL

Windmill See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, a fairly even See also:

• SURFACE

surface about s of a sq. m. in area, and sloping from 400 to 300 ft. above the sea-level . South of Windmill Hill are See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa Flats, a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-like cliff 200 ft. or more in height dividing them . Europa Fiats, sloping south, end in cliffs 50 ft. high, which at and around Europa . Point plunge straight down into deep See also:

• WATER

water . Europa Point is the most See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern point of the Rock, and is distant 112 nautical See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the opposite See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . On Europa Point is the lighthouse in 5° 21' W. and 36° 6' 30" N . On the Mediterranean See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the Rock is almost as steep and inaccessible as it is from the north . Below the signal station, at the edge of the Mediterranean, lies Catalan Bay, where there is a little See also:

• VILLAGE

village chiefly inhabited by fishermen and others who make their living upon the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters; but Catalan Bay can only be approachedby See also:

• LAND

land from the north or by a See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel through the Rock from the dockyard; from Catalan Bay to Europa Point the way is barred by impassable cliffs . On the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west side of the Rock the slopes are less steep, especially as they near the sea, and on this side See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the See also:

• TOWN

town, the See also:

• ALAMEDA

Alameda or public gardens, the See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks and the dockyard . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The rock of Gibraltar consists, for the most See also:

• PART

part, of See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone of compact and sometimes crystalline structure, generally stratified but in places apparently amorphous . Above the limestone are found layers of dark grey-See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue shales with intercalated beds of grit, mudstone and limestone . Both limestone and shales are of the See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age .

Professors A . C . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• GEIKIE
• GEIKIE, JAMES (1839- )
• GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835- )

Geikie (Quarterly See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Society, See also:

• LONDON

London, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1878) found also in the superficial formations of the Rock various features of See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the students of See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene geology, including massive accumulations of limestone See also:

• BRECCIA

breccia or See also:

• AGGLOMERATE (from the Lat. agglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris)

agglomerate, See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone breccias, deposits of calcareous See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, raised beaches and loose sands . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of these superficial formations is the limestone breccia of Buena Vista, devoid of fossils and apparently formed under the stress of hard frosts, indicating conditions of See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of great severity . To See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for frosts like these, it is suggested that the surface of the Rock must have been raised to an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation much greater than its See also:

• PRESENT

present height . In that See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and Africa would probably have been connected by an See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus across some part of the present site of the Straits, and there would have been a wider area of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ground See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• BASE

base of the Rock . The low ground at this, and probably at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, must have been clothed with a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich vegetation, necessary for the support of a varied mammalian See also:

• FAUNA

fauna, whose remains have been found in the See also:

• GENISTA

Genista caves . After this there would seem to have been a subsidence to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of some Y . Commercial Mode uuuu O Q cc m 0 :1 %Mile I . See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

Convent a . See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral 3 . See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

Garrison Library e .

Chill See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

Hospital 5 . See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House 6 . See also:

• EXCHANGE

Exchange 7 . Presbyterian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church 8 . Wesleyan Church See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

Emery See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter ge . 700 ft. below the existing level . This would account for the ledges and platforms which have been formed by erosion of the sea high above the present sea-level, and for the deposits of calcareous See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone containing sea shells of existing Mediterranean See also:

• SPECIES

species . The extent of some of these eroded ledges shows that pauses of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long duration intervened between the periods of depression . The Rock seems after this to have been raised to a level considerably above that at which it now stands; Europe and Africa would then again have been See also:

• UNITED

united . At a later date still the Rock sank once more to its present level . Many caves, some of them of great extent, penetrate the interior of the rock; the best known of these are the Genista and St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's caves . St Michael's See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave, about 1100 ft. above sea-level at its mouth, slopes rapidly down and extends over 400 ft. into the Rock; its extreme limits have not, however, been fully explored .

It consists of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of five or more See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers of considerable extent, connected by narrow and crooked passages . The outermost cave is 7o ft. in height and 200 in length, with massive pillars of stalactite reaching from roof to See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor . The second cave was named the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria cave by its discoverer See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• BROME, ALEXANDER (162o-1666)
• BROME, RICHARD (d. 1652)

Brome; beyond these are three caves known as the Leonora caves . " Nothing," writes Captain Brome, '" can exceed the beauty, of the See also:

• STALACTITES (Gr. (rraXaicros, from vraXaQVecv, to drip)

stalactites; they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form clusters of every imaginable shape—statuettes, pillars, foliages, figures," and he adds that See also:

• AMERICAN

American visitors have admitted that even the See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

Mammoth cave itself could not See also:

• RIVAL

rival these See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant stalactites in picturesque beauty . The mammalian remains of the Genista cave have been described by G . See also:

• BUSK, GEORGE (1807—1886)

Busk (" See also:

• QUATERNARY

Quaternary Fauna of Gibraltar " in Trans. of Zool . See also:

• SOC

Soc. vol . X. p . 2, 1877) . They were found to contain remains of a See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, probably Ursus fossilis of See also:

• GOLDFUSS, GEORG AUGUST (1782-1848)

Goldfuss; of a See also:

• HYENA

hyena, H. crocuta or spclaea; of See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats varying from a See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard to a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat in See also:

• SIZE

size; of a See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, resembling in species remains found in the See also:

• THAMES

Thames valley; two forms of See also:

• IBEX

ibex; the See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare and See also:

• RABBIT

rabbit . No trace has been found as yet of Rhinoceros tichorinus, of Ursus spelaeus or of the See also:

• REINDEER

reindeer; and of the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant only a molar tooth of Elephas antiquus . Further details may be found in the Quarterly Journ. of Geol .

Soc . (James See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith of Jordanhill), vol. ii. and in vol. xxi . (Fossil Contents of the Genista Cave, G . Busk and See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• FALCONER, HUGH (18o8–1865)
• FALCONER, WILLIAM (1732–1769)

Falconer; reprinted in Palaeontological See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs, H . Falconer, London, 1868) . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The upper part of the Rock is in summer burnt up and See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, but after the first autumn rains and during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early summer, it abounds in wild See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and shrubs . I n the public and other gardens on the lower ground, where there is a greater depth of See also:

• SOIL

soil, the vegetation is luxuriant and is only limited by the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of water available for summer See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation . Dr E . F . Kelaart (Flora Calpensis, London, 1846) enumerates more than four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred varieties of See also:

• PLANTS

plants and ferns indigenous to Gibraltar, and about fifty more which have been introduced from abroad . Of the former a few are said to be species See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the Rock . The stone-See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine and wild-See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive are perhaps the only trees found growing in a natural See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state .

In the public and private gardens and by the roadside may be seen the See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, the See also:

• PLANE

plane, the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, the See also:

• ACACIA

acacia, the bella-sombra (Phytolacca dioica), the See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

eucalyptus or blue See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum tree, and palms of different species; and, of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees, the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• LEMON
• LEMON, MARK (1809-1870)

lemon, fig, See also:

• POMEGRANATE

pomegranate, See also:

• LOQUAT, JAPANESE PLUM

loquat and See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond . The See also:

• ALOE

aloe, flowering aloe and prickly See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear are See also:

• COMMON

common, and on the eastern side of the Rock the palmito or See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm (Chamaerops humilis) is abundant . Fauna.—The fauna of Gibraltar, from want of space, is necessarily scanty . The See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary apes, said to be the only wild monkeys in Europe, are still to be found on the upper part of the Rock, but in very reduced See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers; about the beginning of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century four or five only remained, which were said to be all See also:

• FEMALES

females; a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young male, however, was brought from Africa . The last male of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original stock, an old See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch, who had died shortly before this, is believed to have killed and, it is said, eaten all the young ones . A small variety of See also:

• PIGEON

pigeon breeds in the steep cliffs at the north end of the Rock . A few red-legged partridges, some rabbits, two or three foxes and a See also:

• BADGER

badger or two will See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . Climate.—The climate of Gibraltar is pleasant and healthy, mild in winter, and only moderately hot in summer; but the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, though not excessive, is lasting . The three months of See also:

• JUNE

June, July and August are almost always without See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, and it is not often that rain falls in the months of May and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The first autumn rains, however, which sometimes begin in September, are usually heavy . From See also:

• OCTOBER

October to May the climate is for the most part delightful, warm See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine prevailing, tempered by cool breezes; the spells of See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, although blustering enough at times, are seldom of more than a few days' duration . The thermometer in summer does not often reach 900 F. in the shade; from 83° to 85° may be taken to be the See also:

• AVERAGE

average maximum for July and August, and these are the hottest months of the year .

The average yearly rainfall is 34.4 in., and in fifty years from 1857 to 1906 the greatest recorded rainfall was 59'35 in., and the smallest 16.75 in . The water-supply for drinking and cooking purposes is almost wholly derived from rain-water stored chiefly in underground tanks; there are very few goodwells . Many of the better class of houses have their own rain-water tanks, and there are large tanks belonging to the See also:

• NAVAL

naval and military authorities . Large storage tanks have been constructed by the sanitary commissioners with specially prepared See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting areas high up the Rock . The collecting areas See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover 16 acres, and the storage tanks have a capacity of over six million gallons . The tanks are excavated in the solid rock, whereby the water is kept in the dark and cool . A large quantity of brackish water for See also:

• FLUSHING
• FLUSHING (Dutch Vlissingen)

flushing purposes and See also:

• BATHS

baths is pumped from the sandy flats of the north front on the Spanish side of the Rock . The Town.—The See also:

• MODERN

modern town of Gibraltar is of comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent date, nearly all the older buildings having been destroyed during the great siege (1779-1783) . The town lies, with most of its buildings crowded together, at the north-western corner of the Rock, and covers only about one-ninth part of the whole area; only a small part of it is on level ground, and those of its narrow streets and lanes which are at right angles to the See also:

• LINE

line wall, or sea front, are for the most part, except at their western ends, little more than ramps or rough stairs formed of See also:

• RUBBLE

rubble stones, contracting in places into stone steps . The public buildings present few, if any, features of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general interest . The " Convent " rebuilt upon the remains of an old Franciscan monastery is the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor . The See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican cathedral is a poor See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of Moorish See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture .

The garrison library has excellent See also:

• READING

reading rooms and a large number, of volumes of See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous interest . The See also:

• CIVIL

civil hospital is a well-planned and roomy modern building . The court-house and exchange buildings are suited to the needs of the town . The See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary may here and there find the remains of a Moorish See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath forming part of a See also:

• STABLE

stable, or fragments of a sculptured stone gateway bearing the arms of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile or of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon built into the wall of a modern barrack . In a small disused graveyard, near See also:

• SOUTHPORT

Southport See also:

• GATE

gate, lie buried a number of those wild, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell at See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar . To the south of the town are the Alameda See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade and gardens, a lunatic See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum, the dockyard, graving docks and the naval and military hospitals . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The inhabitants of Gibraltar are of mixed See also:

• RACE

race; after the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the town by the British nearly the whole of the former Spanish population emigrated in a See also:

• BODY

body and founded, 6 m. away, the little town of See also:

• SAN

San Roque . Most of the native inhabitants 'are of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian or Genoese descent; there are also a number of Maltese, and between two and three thousand See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The Jews never intermarry with other races and form a distinct society of their own . The See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people is Spanish, not very correctly spoken . See also:

• ENGLISH

English is learnt as a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign language and is rarely, if ever, spoken by the people in their own homes . Gibraltar being primarily a fortress and naval base, every effort, in view of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war contingencies, is made by the authorities to prevent the natural increase of the population .

Sanitary and building regulations, modelled upon English statutes designed with quite different See also:

• OBJECTS

objects, are administered with some ingenuity and not a little severity . In this way the house See also:

• ROOM

room available for the poorer classes is steadily reduced . The poor are thus being gradually pushed across the frontier into the neighbouring Spanish town of La Linea de la See also:

• CONCEPCION
• CONCEPCION, or VILLA CONCEPCION

Concepcion, itself a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere suburb of Gibraltar, whose population, however, is nearly See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double that of the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . A large army of workers come daily from " the Lines " into Gibraltar, returning at " first evening gunfire " shortly after sunset, at which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates are closed and locked for the See also:

• NIGHT

night . Aliens are not allowed to reside in Gibraltar without a See also:

• SPECIAL

special permit, which must be renewed at See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short intervals . By an order in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, taking effect from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1900, the like disabilities were extended to British subjects not previously See also:

• RESIDENT

resident . The recorded births, marriages and deaths over a period of 23 years are as follows:— Yearly Average . Births . Marriages . Deaths . 1883-1885 . 621 177 513 1886-1890 .

. 603 167 514 1891-1895 . . 626 186 460 1896-1900 . . 641 201 498 1901-1905 . . 629 201 472 940 The numbers of the population from causes which have been referred to are almost stationary, showing a slight tendency to decrease . There are no available See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics later than those of a See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census taken in 1901, from which it appeared that the population then numbered 27,460, of whom the garrison and its families amounted to 6595, the civil population, being British subjects, to 17,818, and aliens resident under permits to 3047 . The latter are chiefly working men and domestic servants . Constitution.—Gibraltar is a crown colony . Of See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government properly so called there is none . There is a sanitary See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission which is vested with large See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of spending and with the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of buildings and streets and other matters managed by local authorities in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Its members are appointed by the governor . An See also:

• APPEAL

appeal from their decisions, so far as they affect individuals, lies to the supreme court . Apart from the garrison and civil officials there are comparatively few members of the Anglican Church .

The great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the people belong to the Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . The Jews have four synagogues . The See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant dissenters have two places of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, Presbyterian and Wesleyan . See also:

• EDUCATION

Education is not compulsory for the civil population, but most of the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, if not all, receive a See also:

• FAIR

fair education in private or private aided See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . The number of the children on the rolls of the private and private aided schools was in 1905: boys, 1504; girls, 1733; See also:

• TOTAL

total 3237 . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Except in respect of alcoholic liquors and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco Gibraltar has been a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• PORT

port since the year 1705—a distinction due, it is said, to the refusal of a See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco to allow of much-needed exports from Morocco to Gibraltar if full See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade were not granted to his subjects . During the great See also:

• WARS

wars of the beginning of the 19th century trade was most active in Gibraltar, and some large fortunes were made; but trade on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale has almost disappeared . At the point of contact of two continents, on the See also:

• DIRECT

direct line of ocean trade with the far See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, in See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam communication with all the great ports of Europe and with North and South See also:

• AMERICA

America, Gibraltar, by its position, is fitted to be a trade centre of the world, but the unrest and suspicion engendered in Morocco by the intrigues and designs of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European powers, and excessive protective duties and maladministration in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, have done much to extinguish the trade of Gibraltar . There are, however, no trustworthy statistics of imports and exports . Before the year 1898 See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• BEER

beer and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits were the only goods which paid See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . In that year a duty of id. per lb was for the first time put upon tobacco and produced £1444; the duty was, however, in force only for a part of the year; in 1899 the duty, at the same See also:

• RATE

rate, produced £7703 . In 1902 the duty on tobacco was raised to 2d. per lb and produced £29,311 .

In 1905 this duty produced £24,575 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief business of Gibraltar is the coaling of passing steamers; this gives work to several thousand men . Goods are also landed for re-export to Morocco, but the bulk of the Morocco trade, much of which formerly came to Gibraltar, is now done by lines of steamers trading to and from Morocco direct to British, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German or See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French ports . Nearly all the fresh See also:

• MEAT

meat consumed in Gibraltar comes from Morocco, also large quantities of poultry and eggs . A fair amount of See also:

• RETAIL

retail business is done with the passengers of ocean steamers which See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call on their way to and from the East and from North and South America . The steam- See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage cleared annually since 1883 is shown in the following table: Yearly Average . British . Foreign . Total . 1883–1885 . . 3,525,135 817,926 4,343,061 1886–1890 . . 4,507,101 908,419 5,415,520 1891–1895 • • 3,710,856 975,390 4,686,246 1896-1900 3,281,165 1,063,367 4,344,532 1901-1905 2,810,849 1,309,649 4,120,498 The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue are (i.) duties upon wine, spirits, See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors and tobacco; (ii.) port and See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour dues; (iii.) See also:

• TAVERN

tavern and other licences; (iv.) See also:

• POST

post and See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph; (v.) ground and other rents; (vi.) stamps and miscellaneous .

The returns before 1898 were made in pesetas (5=$I) . In the following table these have been converted into See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling at an average of exchange 30=£1 . The See also:

• MONEY

money, weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures in legal use are British . Before 1898 Spanish money only was in use . The great depreciation of the Spanish currency during the war with the United States led in 1898 to the reintroduction of British currency as the legal See also:

• TENDER

tender money of Gibraltar . Notwithstanding this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change the Spanish See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar still remains in current use; much of the retail business of the town being done with persons resident in Spain, the dollar fully holds its own . Harbour and Fortifications.—Great changes were made in the defences of Gibraltar early in the 20th century . Guns of the newest types replaced those of older patterns . The heavier pieces instead of being at or near the sea-level, are now high up, many of them on the crest line of the Rock; their lateral range and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire area has thereby been greatly increased and their efficiency improved in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with an elaborate See also:

• SYSTEM

system of range finding . With the completion of the new dockyard See also:

• WORKS

works the value of Gibraltar as a naval base has greatly increased . It can now undertake all the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs and coaling of a large See also:

• FLEET

fleet . There is an enclosed harbour in which a fleet can safely See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor secure from the attacks of See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo boats .

A See also: