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JOHN GIBSON (1790-1866)

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Originally appearing in Volume V11, Page 944 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JOHN See also:GIBSON (1790-1866)  , See also:English sculptor, was See also:born near See also:Conway in 1790, his See also:father being a See also:market gardener . To his See also:mother, whom he described as ruling his father and all the See also:family, he owed, like many other See also:great men, the See also:energy and determination which carried him over every obstacle . When he was nine years old the family were on the point of emigrating to See also:America, but Mrs See also:Gibson's determination stopped this project on their arrival at See also:Liverpool, and there See also:John was sent to school . The windows of the See also:print shops of Liverpool riveted his See also:attention, and, having no means to See also:purchase the commonest print, he acquired the See also:habit of committing to memory the outline of one figure after another, See also:drawing it on his return See also:home . Thus See also:early he formed the See also:system of observing, remembering and noting, sometimes even a See also:month later, scenes and momentary actions from nature . In this way he, by degrees, transferred from the See also:shop window to his See also:paper at home the See also:chief figures from See also:David's picture of See also:Napoleon See also:crossing the See also:Alps, which, by particular See also:request, he copied in See also:bright See also:colours as a See also:frontispiece to a little schoolfellow's new See also:prayer-See also:book, for sixpence . At fourteen years of See also:age Gibson was apprenticed to a See also:firm of cabinetmakers,—portrait and See also:miniature painters in Liverpool requiring a See also:premium which his father could not give . This employment so disgusted him that after a See also:year (being interesting and engaging then apparently as in after-See also:life) he persuaded his masters to See also:change his indentures, and bind him to the See also:wood-See also:carving with which their See also:furniture was ornamented . This satisfied him for another year, when an introduction to the foreman of some See also:marble See also:works, and the sight of a small See also:head of Bacchus, unsettled him again . He had here caught a glimpse of his true vocation, and in his leisure See also:hours began to See also:model with such success that his efforts found their way to the See also:notice of Mr See also:Francis, the proprietor of the marble works . The wood-carving now, in turn, becamehis aversion; and having in vain entreated his masters to set him See also:free, he instituted a strike . He was every See also:day duly at his See also:post, but did no See also:work .

Threats, and even a See also:

blow, moved him not . At length the offer of £70 from Francis for the rebellious apprentice was accepted, and Gibson found himself at last See also:bound to a See also:master for the See also:art of See also:sculpture . Francis paid the lad 6s. a See also:week, and received See also:good prices for his works,—sundry early works by the youthful sculptor, which exist in Liverpool and the neighbourhood, going by the name of Francis to this day . It was while thus apprenticed that Gibson attracted the notice of See also:William See also:Roscoe, the historian . For him Gibson executed a basso rilievo in terra-See also:cotta, now in the Liverpool museum . Roscoe opened to the sculptor the treasures of his library at Allerton, by which he became acquainted with the designs of the great See also:Italian masters . A See also:cartoon of the Fall of the Angels marked. this See also:period,—now also in the Liverpool museum . We must pass over his studies in See also:anatomy, pursued gratuitously by the kindness of a medical See also:man, and his introductions to families of refinement and culture in Liverpool . Roscoe was an excellent See also:guide to the See also:young aspirant, pointing to the Greeks as the only examples for a sculptor . Gibson here found his true vocation . A basso rilievo of See also:Psyche carried by the Zephyrs was the result . He sent it to the Royal See also:Academy, where See also:Flaxman, recognizing its merits, gave it an excellent See also:place .

Again he became unsettled . The ardent young See also:

breast panted for " the great university of Art "—See also:Rome; and the first step to the desired See also:goal was to See also:London . Here he stood between the opposite See also:advice and See also:influence of Flaxman and See also:Chantrey—the one urging him to Rome as the highest school of sculpture in the See also:world, the other maintaining that London could do as much for him . It is not difficult to guess which was Gibson's choice . He arrived in Rome in See also:October 1817, at a comparatively See also:late age for a first visit . There he immediately experienced the See also:charm and goodness of the true Italian See also:character in the See also:person of See also:Canova, to whom he had introductions,—the Venetian putting not only his experience in art but his See also:purse at the English student's service . Up to this See also:time, though his designs show a See also:fire and See also:power of See also:imagination in which no teaching is missed, Gibson had had no instruction, and had studied at no Academy . In Rome he first became acquainted with rules and technicalities, in which the merest tyro was before him . Canova introduced him into the Academy supported by See also:Austria, and, as is natural with a mind like Gibson's, the first sense of his deficiencies in See also:common matters of practice was depressing to him . He saw Italian youths already excelling, as they all do, in the drawing of the figure . But the tables were soon turned . His first work in marble—a " Sleeping Shepherd " modelled from a beautiful Italian boy—has qualities of the highest See also:order .

Phoenix-squares

Gibson was soon launched, and distinguished patrons, first sent by Canova, made their way to his studio in the Via Fontanella . His aim, from the first day that he See also:

felt the power of the See also:antique, was purity of character and beauty of See also:form . He very seldom declined into the prettiness of Canova, and if he did not often approach the masculine strength which redeems the faults of See also:Thorwaldsen, he more than once surpassed him even in that quality . We allude specially to his " See also:Hunter and See also:Dog," and to the See also:grand promise of his " See also:Theseus and Robber," which take See also:rank as the highest productions of See also:modern sculpture . He was essentially classic in feeling and aim, but here the habit of observation we have mentioned enabled him to snatch a See also:grace beyond the reach of a See also:mere imitator . His subjects were gleaned from the free actions of the splendid Italian See also:people noticed in his walks, and afterwards baptized with such mythological names as best fitted them . Thus a girl kissing a See also:child, with a sudden wring of the figure, over her See also:shoulder, became a " Nymph and See also:Cupid "; a woman helping her child with his See also:foot on her See also:hand on to her See also:lap, a " Bacchante and Faun "; his " See also:Amazon thrown from her See also:Horse," one of his most See also:original productions, was taken from an See also:accident he witnessed to a See also:female rider in a See also:circus; and the " Hunter holding in his Dog " was also the result of a See also:street See also:scene . The prominence he gave among his favourite subjects to the little See also:god " of soft tribulations" was no less owing to his facilities for observing the all but naked Italian See also:children, in the hot summers he spent in Rome . In monumental and portrait statues for public places, necessarily represented in postures of dignity and repose, Gibson was very happy . His largest effort of this class—the See also:group of See also:Queen See also:Victoria supported by See also:Justice and Clemency, in the Houses of See also:Parliament—was his finest work in the See also:round . Of See also:noble character also in See also:execution and expression of thought is the statue of See also:Huskisson with the bared See also:arm; and no less, in effect of aristocratic ease and refinement, the seated figure of See also:Dudley See also:North . But great as he was in the round, Gibson's chief excellence See also:lay in basso rilievo, and in this less-disputed See also:sphere he obtained his greatest triumphs .

His thorough knowledge of the horse, and his See also:

constant study of the See also:Elgin See also:marbles—casts of which are in Rome—resulted in the two matchless See also:bassi rilievi, the See also:size of life, which belong to See also:Lord See also:Fitzwilliam—the " Hours leading the Horses of the See also:Sun," and " See also:Phaethon See also:driving the See also:Chariot of the Sun." Most of his monumental works are also in basso rilievo . Some of these are of a truly refined and pathetic character, such as the See also:monument to the countess of See also:Leicester, that to his friend Mrs Huskisson in See also:Chichester See also:cathedral, and that of the See also:Bonomi children . See also:Passion, either indulged or repressed, was the natural impulse of his art: repressed as in the " Hours leading the Horses of the Sun," and as in the " Hunter and Dog "; indulged as in the See also:meeting of See also:Hero and Leander, a drawing executed before he See also:left See also:England . Gibson was the first to intro-duce See also:colour on his statues,—first, as a mere border to the drapery of a portrait statue of the queen, and by degrees extended to the entire flesh, as in his so-called " tinted " See also:Venus, and in the " Cupid tormenting the Soul," in the Holford collection . Gibson's individuality was too strongly marked to be affected by any outward circumstances . In all worldly affairs and business of daily life he was See also:simple and guileless in the extreme; but he was resolute in matters of principle, determined to walk straight at any cost of See also:personal See also:advantage . Unlike most artists, he was neither See also:nervous nor irritable in temperament . It was said of him that he made the See also:heathen See also:mythology his See also:religion; and indeed in serenity of nature, feeling for the beautiful, and a certain See also:philosophy of mind, he may be accepted as a type of what a pure-minded See also:Greek See also:pagan, in the See also:zenith of Greek art, may have been . Gibson was elected R.A. in 1836, and bequeathed all his See also:property and the contents of his studio to the Royal Academy, where his marbles and casts are open to the public . He died at Rome on the 27th of See also:January 1866 . The letters between Gibson and Mrs See also:Henry See also:Sandbach, grand-daughter of Mr Roscoe, and a See also:sketch of his life that See also:lady induced him to write, furnish the chief materials for his See also:biography . See his Life, edited by Lady See also:Eastlake .

(E .

End of Article: JOHN GIBSON (1790-1866)
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