See also:

• GILAN (GUILAN, GUILAN)

GILAN (GUILAN, GUILAN)  , one of the three small but important See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian provinces of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, lying along the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Caspian See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea between 48° 50' and 500 30' E. with a breadth varying from 15 to 50 M . It has an See also:

• AREA

area of about 5000 sq. m. and a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 250,000 . It is separated from See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia by the little See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• ASTARA

Astara, which flows into the Caspian, and bounded W. by See also:

• AZERBAIJAN (also spelt ADERBIJAN; the Azerbadegan of medieval writers, the Athro patakan and Atropatene of the ancients)

Azerbaijan, S. by See also:

• KAZVIN

Kazvin and E. by See also:

• MAZANDARAN

Mazandaran . The greater portion of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province is a See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland region extending inland from the sea to the See also:

• BASE

base of the mountains of the See also:

• ELBURZ, or ALBURZ (from O. Pers. Hara-bere-zaili, the " High Mountain ")

Elburz range and, though the Sefid Rud (See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White river), which is called Kizil Uzain in its upper course and has its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SOURCES

sources in the hills of See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• KURDISTAN

Kurdistan, is the only river of any See also:

• SIZE

size, the province is abundantly watered by many .streams and an exceptionally See also:

• GREAT

great rainfall (in some years 5o in.) . The vegetation is very much like that of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, but in consequence of the great humidity and the mild See also:

• CLIMATE

climate almost tropically luxuriant, and the forests from the shore of the sea up to an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of nearly 5000 ft. on the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain slopes facing the sea are as dense as an See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle . Theprevailing types of trees are the See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

hornbeam, See also:

• BEECH

beech, ash and See also:

• ELM

elm . The See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree comes to rare perfection, but in consequence of indiscriminate cutting for export during many years, is now becoming scarce . Of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees the See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, See also:

• PEAR (Pyrus communis)

pear, See also:

• PLUM

plum, See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, See also:

• MEDLAR

medlar, See also:

• POMEGRANATE

pomegranate, fig, See also:

• QUINCE (Lat. Cydonia or Colonea, Ital. Cotogna, Fr. coing, Mid. Eng. coin, quiet, whence a collective plural " quins," corrupted to singular " quince ")

quince, as well as two kinds of See also:

• VINE

vine, grow See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild; oranges, sweet and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter, and other Aurantiaceae thrive well in gardens and plantations . The See also:

• FAUNA

fauna also is well represented, but tigers which once were frequently seen are now very scarce; See also:

• PANTHER

panther, See also:

• HYENA

hyena, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal, wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer (Cervus See also:

• MARL (from O. Fr. marle, Late Lat. margila, dim. of marga; cf. Du. and Ger. Mergel)

marl) are See also:

• COMMON

common; See also:

• PHEASANT

pheasant, See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, ducks, See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, geese and various waterfowl abound; the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries are very productive and are leased to a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• FIRM

firm . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle of the province is the small humped See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, See also:

• BOS, LAMBERT (1670—1717)

Bos indicus, and forms an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of export to Russia, the humps, smoked, being much in demand as a delicacy . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice of a kind not much appreciated in Persia, but much esteemed in See also:

• GILAN (GUILAN, GUILAN)

Gilan and Russia, is largely cultivated and a quantity valued at about £120,000 was exported to Russia during 1904–1905 . See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

Tea plantations, with seeds and See also:

• PLANTS

plants from See also:

• ASSAM

Assam, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and the Himalayas, were started in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of 1900 on the slopes of the hills south of See also:

• RESHT

Resht at an altitude of about loon ft .

The results were excellent and very See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good tea was produced in 1904 and 1905, but the Persian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government gave no support and the enterprise was neglected . The See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive thrives well at Rudbfir and Manjil in the Sefid Ri1d valley and the oil extracted from it by a Provencal for some years until 1896, when he was murdered, was of very good quality and found a ready See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market at See also:

• BAKU

Baku . Since then the oil has been, as before, only used for the manufacture of See also:

• SOAP

soap . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco from See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, cultivated since 1875, grows well, and a considerable quantity of it is exported . The most valuable produce of the province is See also:

• SILK

silk . In 1866 it was valued at £743,000 and about two-thirds of it was exported . The silk-See also:

• WORM

worm disease appeared in 1864 and the crops decreased in See also:

• CON

con-sequence until 1893 when the value of the silk exported was no more than £65oo . Since then there has been a steady improvement, and in 1905–1906 the value of the produce was estimated at £300,000 and that of the quantity exported at £200,000 . The eggs of the silk-See also:

• WORMS

worms, formerly obtained from See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, are now imported principally from See also:

• BRUSA, or BROUSSA (anc. Prusa)

Brusa by Greeks under See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• PROTECTION

protection and from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . There is only one good road in the province, that from See also:

• ENZELI

Enzeli to Kazvin by way of Resht; in other parts communication is by narrow and frequently impassable lanes through the thick See also:

• FOREST

forest, or by intricate pathways through the dense undergrowth . The province is divided into the following administrative districts: Resht (with the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and its immediate See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood), Fumen (with Tulam and Mesula, where are See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mines), Gesker, Talish (with Shandarman, Kerganrud, Asalim, Gil-Dulab, Talish-Dulab), Enzeli (the See also:

• PORT

port of Resht), Sheft, Manjil (with Rahmetabad and Amarlu), Lahijan (with Langarud, R{tdsar and Ranehkuh), Dilman and Lashtnisha . The See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue derived from taxes and customs is about £8o,000 .

The See also:

• CROWN

crown lands have been much neglected and the revenue from them amounts to hardly £3000 per annum . The value of the exports and imports from and into Gilan, much of them in transit, is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close upon £2,000,000 . Gilan was an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent khanate until 1567 when See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan Ahmed, the last of the Kargia See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, which had reigned 205 years, was deposed by Tahmasp I., the second Safawid shah of Persia (1524–1576) . It was occupied by a Russian force in the early part of 1723; and Tahmasp III., the tenth Safawid shah (1722–1731), then without a See also:

• THRONE

throne and his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country occupied by the Afghans, ceded it, together with Mazandaran and See also:

• ASTARABAD

Astarabad, to See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the Great by a treaty of the 12th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September of the same See also:

• YEAR

year . Russian troops remained in Gilan until 1734, when they were compelled to evacuate it . The derivation of the name Gilan from the See also:

• MODERN

modern Persian word gil meaning mud (hence " See also:

• LAND

land of mud ") is incorrect . It probably means " land of the Gil," an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient tribe which classical writers mention as the Gelae . (A .