See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• BASE

base of See also:

• HERMON

Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J  udg. xx . 1; Jos . See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. xii . 8 . 3, 4) . More precisely, however, it was the usual name of that picturesque See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country which is bounded on the N by the Hieromax (Yarmuk), on the W. by the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan, on the S. by the Arnon, and on the E. by a See also:

• LINE

line which may be said to follow the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of See also:

• AMMAN, JOHANN CONRAD (1669-c.773o)
• AMMAN, JOST (1539-1591)
• AMMAN, PAUL (1634-1691)

Amman (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia or Rabbath-See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon) . It thus lies wholly within 31° 25' and 32° 42' N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 35° 34' and 36° E. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long., and is cut in two by the Jabbok . Excluding the narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain along the Jordan, it has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 2500 ft. above the Mediterranean; but, as seen from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, the relative height is very much increased by the depression of the Jordan valley . The range from the same point of view presents a singularly See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform outline, having the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of an unbroken See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall; in reality, however, it is traversed by a number of deep ravines (wadis), of which the most important are the Yabis, the Ajlun, the Rajib, the Zerka (Jabbok), the Hesban, and the Zerka See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the See also:

• GILEAD (i.e. " hard " or " rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Dent. xxxiv. 1; J

Gilead range is formed of See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, the See also:

• BASE

base slopes being See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone partly covered by See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white marls . The eastern, slopes are comparatively See also:

• BARE

bare of trees; but the western are well supplied with See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, See also:

• TEREBINTH

terebinth and See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine . The pastures are everywhere luxuriant, and the wooded heights and winding glens, in which the tangled shrubbery is here and there broken up by open glades and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat meadows of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• TURF

turf, exhibit a beauty of vegetation such as is hardly to be seen in any other See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine .

The first biblical mention of " See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Gilead " occurs in connexion with the reconcilement of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob and Laban (See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis xxxi.) . The composite nature of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story makes an See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the exact site difficult, but one of the narrators (E) seems to have in mind the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of what is now known as See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Ajlun, probably not far from Mahneh (Mahanaim), near the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• WADI

wadi Yabis . Some investigators incline to Suf, or to the Jebel Kafkafa . At the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Israelite See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest the portion of Gilead northward of the Jabbok (Zerka) belonged to the dominions of Og, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• BASHAN

Bashan, while the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• HALF

half was ruled by Sihon, king of the See also:

• AMORITES

Amorites, having been at an earlier date wrested from See also:

• MOAB

Moab (Numb. xxi . 24; Deut . 12-16) . These two sections were allotted respectively to See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh and to See also:

• REUBEN

Reuben and See also:

• GAD

Gad, both districts being peculiarly suited to the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral and nomadic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of these tribes . A somewhat See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild Bedouin disposition, fostered by their surroundings, was retained by the Israelite in-habitants of Gilead to a See also:

• LATE

late period of their See also:

• HISTORY

history, and seems to be to some extent discernible in what we read alike of See also:

• JEPHTHAH

Jephthah, of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David's Gadites, and of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Elijah . As the eastern frontier of Palestine, Gilead See also:

• BORE

bore the first brunt of Syrian and See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian attacks . After the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Old Testament history the word Gilead seldom occurs . It seems to have soon passed out of use as a precise See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical designation; for though occasionally mentioned by Apocryphal writers, by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, and by See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, the allusions are all vague, and show that those who made them had no definite knowledge of Gilead proper . In Josephus and • the New Testament the name Peraea or 7ripav roii 'Iopbavou is most frequently used; and the country is sometimes spoken of by Josephus as divided into small provinces called after the capitals in which See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek colonists had established themselves during the reign of the Seleucidae .

At See also:

• PRESENT

present Gilead See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the Jabbok alone is known by the name of Jebel Jilad (Mount Gilead), the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion between the Jabbok and the Yarmuk being called' Jebel Ajlun . Jebel Jilad includes Jebel Osha, and has for its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital the See also:

• TOWN

town of Es-See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt . The cities of Gilead expressly mentioned in the Old Testament are Ramoth, Jabesh and Jazer . The first of these has been variously identified with Es-Salt, with Reimun, with Jerash or See also:

• GERASA (mod. Gerash or Jerash)

Gerasa, with er-Remtha, and with Sall}ad . Opinions are also divided on the question of its identity with Mizpeh-Gilead (see Encyc . Biblica, See also:

• ART

art . " Ramoth-Gilead ") . Jabesh is perhaps to be found at Meriamin, less probably at ed-See also:

• DEIR, or DEIR

Deir; Jazer, at Yajuz near Jogbehah, rather than at Sar . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city named Gilead (Judg . X . 17, xii . 7; Hos. vi .

8, xii . II) has hardly been satisfactorily explained; perhaps the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text has suffered . The " See also:

• BALM

balm " (Heb. sori) for which Gilead was so noted (Gen. xlvii . 11; Jer. viii . 22, xlvi . II; Ezek. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 17), is probably to be identified with See also:

• MASTIC, or MASTICH (Gr. µao-rixrt, probably connected with µaoavOai, to chew, since mastic is used in the East as a chewing gum)

mastic (Gen. See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii . 25, R.V. marg.) i.e. the See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin yielded by the Pistachia Lentiscus . The See also:

• MODERN

modern " balm of Gilead " or " See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam," an aromatic See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum produced by the Balsamodendron opobalsamum, is more likely the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew mor, which the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible wrongly renders " See also:

• MYRRH (from the Latinized form myrrha of Gr. µuppa; the Arabic murr, bitter, was applied to the substance from its bitterness)

myrrh." See G . A . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Hist . Geog. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv. See also:

• FOIL

foil .

(R . A . S .