See also:

• GILGAL (Heb. for " circle " of sacred stones)

GILGAL (Heb. for " circle " of sacred stones)  , the name of several places in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, mentioned in the Old Testament . The name is not found See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• JORDAN (the down-comer; Arab. esh-Sheri'a, the watering-place)
• JORDAN, CAMILLE (1771—1821)
• JORDAN, DOROTHEA (1762—1816)
• JORDAN, THOMAS (1612 ?–1685)
• JORDAN, WILHELM (1819–1904)

Jordan . r . The first and most important was situated " in the east border of See also:

• JERICHO (WI:, m;, once ahn:, a word of disputed meaning, whether " fragrant " or " moon [-god] city ")

Jericho " (Josh. iv . 19), on the border between See also:

• JUDAH

Judah and See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin (Josh. xv . 7) . See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus (See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. v . 1 . 4) places it 50 stadia from Jordan and ro from Jericho (the New Testament site) . See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome (Onomasticon, s.v . " Galgal ") places See also:

• GILGAL (Heb. for " circle " of sacred stones)

Gilgal 2 See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from Jericho, and speaks of it as a deserted See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place held in wonderful veneration (" miro cultu " ) by the natives . This site, which in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages appears to have been lost—Gilgal being shown farther See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north—was in 1865 recovered by a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German traveller (See also:

• HERMANN, JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB (1772–1848)
• HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804–1855)

Hermann See also:

• ZSCHOKKE, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL (1771-1848)

Zschokke), and fixed by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English survey party, though not beyond dispute .

It is about 2 m. east of the site of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine Jericho, and r m. from See also:

• MODERN

modern er-Riha . A See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• TAMARISK

tamarisk, traces of a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (which is mentioned in the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), and a large See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir, now filled up with mud, remain . The place is called Jiljulieh, and its position north of the valley of Achor (See also:

• WADI

Wadi Kelt) and east of Jericho agrees well with the biblical indications above mentioned . A tradition connected with the fall of Jericho is attached to the site (see C . R . See also:

• CONDER, CHARLES (1868—1909)

Conder, See also:

• TENT

Tent See also:

• WORK

Work, 203 ff.) . This See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary and See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel held a high" ,place in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national regard, and is often mentioned in See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges and See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel . But whether this is the Gilgal spoken of by See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos and See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea in connexion with See also:

• BETHEL (Heb. " House of God ")

Bethel is by no means certain [see (3) below] . 2 . Gilgal, mentioned in Josh. xii . 23 in connexion with Dor, appears to have been situated in the maritime See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . Jerome (Onomasticon, s.v .

" Gelgel ") speaks of a See also:

• TOWN

town of the name his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-citizens of Shurippak . Gilgamesh is artificially brought into contact with Ut-Napishtim, to whom he pays a visit for the purpose of learning the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of immortal See also:

• LIFE

life and perpetual youth which he enjoys . During the visit Ut-Napishtim tells Gilgamesh the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood and of his miraculous See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape . Nature myths have been entwined with other episodes in the epic and finally the theologians took up the combined stories and made them the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium for illustrating the truth and force of certain doctrines of the Babylonian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . In its final See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the outcome of an extended and complicated See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• PROCESS

process, the Gilgamesh Epic covered twelve tablets, each tablet devoted to one See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure in which the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero plays a See also:

• DIRECT

direct or indirect See also:

• PART

part, and the whole covering according to the most plausible estimate about 3000 lines . Of all twelve tablets portions have been found among the remains of See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-bani-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal's library, but some of the tablets are so incomplete as to leave even their See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general contents in some doubt . The fragments do not all belong to one copy . Of some tablets portions of two, and of some tablets portions of as many as four, copies have turned up, pointing therefore to the See also:

• GREAT

great popularity of the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . The best preserved are Tablets VI. and XI., and of the See also:

• TOTAL

total about 1500 lines are now known, wholly or in part, while of those partially preserved quite a number can be restored . A brief See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the contents of the twelve may be indicated as follows: In the 1st tablet, after a general survey of the adventures of Gilgamesh, his See also:

• RULE

rule at See also:

• ERECH (Uruk in the Babylonian inscriptions; Gr. Orchoe)

Erech is described, where he enlists the services of all the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young able-bodied men in the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the great See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people sigh under the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden imposed, and See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call upon the goddess Aruru to create a being who might See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a See also:

• RIVAL

rival to Gilgamesh, curb his strength, and dispute his tyrannous See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . The goddess consents, and creates See also:

• EABANI

Eabani, who is described as a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, living with the gazelles and the beasts of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field .

Eabani, whose name, signifying " See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

Ea creates," points to the tradition which made Ea (q.v.) the creator of humanity, symbolizes primeval man . Through a See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

hunter, Eabani and Gilgamesh are brought together, but instead of becoming rivals, they are joined in friendship . Eabani is induced by the snares of a See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden to abandon his life with the animals and to proceed to Erech, where Gilgamesh, who has been told in several dreams of the coming of Eabani, awaits him . Together they proceed upon several adventures, which are related in the following four tablets . At first, indeed, Eabani curses the See also:

• FATE

fate which led him away from his former life, and Gilgamesh is represented as bewailing Eabani's dissatisfaction . The See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• SHAMASH, or AMAS

Shamash calls upon Eabani to remain with Gilgamesh, who pays him all honours in his See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Erech . With the decision of the two See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends to proceed to the See also:

• FOREST

forest of cedars in which the goddess Irnina—a form of See also:

• ISHTAR

Ishtar—dwells, and which is guarded by Khumbaba, the 2nd tablet ends . In the 3rd tablet, very imperfectly preserved; Gilgamesh appeals through a Shamash priestess Rimat-See also:

• BELIT (signifying the " lady," par excellence)

Belit to the sun-god Shamash for his aid in the proposed undertaking . The 4th tablet contains a description of the formidable Khumbaba, the See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian of the See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar forest . In the 5th tablet Gilgamesh and Eabani reach the forest . Encouraged by dreams, they proceed against Khumbaba, and despatch him near a specially high cedar over which he held guard . This adventure against Khumbaba belongs to the Eabani stratum of the epic, into which Gilgamesh is artificially introduced .

The basis of the 6th tablet is the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar nature-myth of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of seasons, in which Gilgamesh plays the part of the youthful See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar god of the springtime, who is wooed by the goddess of fertility, Ishtar . Gilga mesh, recalling to the goddess the sad fate of those who fall a victim to her charms, rejects the offer . In the course of his See also:

• RECITAL (from Lat. recitare, to read out, particularly of a public document)

recital snatches of other myths are referred to, including he famous Tammuz-' See also:

• ADONIS

Adonis See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale, in which Tammuz, the youthful bridegroom, is slain by his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort Ishtar . The goddess, enraged at the insult, asks her See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• ANU

Anu to avenge her . A divine See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull is sent to wage a contest against Gilgamesh, who is assisted by his friend Eabani . This See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the fight with the bull is often depicted on See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal cylinders . The two friends by their See also:

• UNITED

united force succeed inkilling the bull, and then after performing certain votive and See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification See also:

• RITES

rites return to Erech, where they are hailed with joy In this adventure it is clearly Eabani who is artificially introduced in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to maintain the association with Gilgamesh . The 7th tablet continues the Eabani stratum . The hero is smitten with sore disease, but the fragmentary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of this and the succeeding tablet is such as to envelop in doubt the accompanying circumstances, including the cause and nature of his disease . The 8th tablet records the See also:

• DEATH

death of Eabani . The 9th and loth tablets, exclusively devoted to Gilgamesh, describe his wanderings in quest of Ut-Napishtim, from whom he hopes to learn how he may escape the fate that has overtaken his friend Eabani . He goes through See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain passes and encounters lions .

At the entrance to the mountain Mashu, See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion-men stand guard, from one of whom he receives See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice as to how to pass through the Mashu See also:

• DISTRICT

district . He succeeds in doing so, and finds himself in a wonderful See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park, which lies along the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . In the loth tablet the goddess Sabitu, who, as guardian of the sea, first bolts her See also:

• GATE

gate against Gilgamesh, after learning of his quest, See also:

• HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps him to pass in a See also:

• SHIP

ship across the sea to the " See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of death." The See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

ferry-man of Ut-Napishtim brings him safely through these waters, despite the difficulties and dangers of the voyage, and at last the hero finds himself See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face to face with Ut-Napishtim . In the 1 nth tablet, Ut-Napishtim tells the famous story of the Babylonian flood, which is so patently attached to Gilgamesh in a most artificial manner . Ut-Napishtim and his wife are anxious to help Gilgamesh to new life . He is sent to a place where he washes himself clean from impurity . He is told of a See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed which restores youth to the one grown old . Scarcely has he obtained the weed when it is snatched away from him, and the tablet closes somewhat obscurely with the prediction of the destruction of Erech . In the 12th tablet Gilgamesh succeeds in obtaining a view of Eabani's shade, and learns through him of the sad fate endured by the dead . With this description, in which care of the dead is inculcated as the only means of making their existence in Aralu, where the dead are gathered, bearable, the epic, so far as we have it, closes . The See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason why the flood See also:

• EPISODE

episode and the interview with the dead Eabani are introduced is quite clear . Both are intended as illustrations of doctrines taught in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of Babylonia; the former to explain that only the favourites of the gods can See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope under exceptional circumstances to enjoy life See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting; the latter to emphasize the impossibility for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary mortals to escape from the inactive shadowy existence led by the dead, and to inculcate the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of proper care for the dead .

That the astro-theological See also:

• SYSTEM

system is also introduced into the epic is clear from the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into twelve tablets, which correspond to the yearly course of the sun, while throughout there are indications that all the adventures of Gilgamesh and Eabani, including those which have an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical background, have been submitted to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of this system and projected on to the heavens . This See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the popular tales, according to which the career of the hero can be followed in its entirety and in detail in the movements in the heavens, in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, with the growing predominance of the astral-mythological system, overshadowed the other factors involved, and it is in this form, as an astral myth, that it passes through the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world and leaves its traces -in the folk-tales and myths of See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews, Phoenicians, Syrians, Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans throughout See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and even in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India .