See also:

• GINGER (Fr. gingembre, Ger. Ingwer)

GINGER (Fr. gingembre, Ger. Ingwer)  , the rhizome or under-ground See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem of Zingiber officinale (nat. ord . Zingiberaceae), a perennial See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed-like plant growing from 3 to 4 ft. high . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers and leaves are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne on See also:

• SEPARATE

separate stems, those of the former being shorter than those of the latter, and averaging from 6 to 12 in . The flowers themselves are borne at the See also:

• APEX

apex of the stems in dense ovate-oblong See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone-like spikes from 2 to 3 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, composed of obtuse strongly-imbricated bracts with membranous margins, each bract enclosing a single small sessile See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower . The leaves are alternate and arranged in two rows, See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, smooth, tapering at both ends, with very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stalks and long sheaths which stand away from the stem and end in two small rounded auricles . The plant rarely flowers and the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit is unknown . Though not found in a See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, it is considered with very See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to be a native of the warmer parts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, over which it has been cultivated from an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period and the rhizome imported into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . From Asia the plant has spread into the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, western tropical See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia . It is commonly grown in botanic g;rdens in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The use of See also:

• GINGER (Fr. gingembre, Ger. Ingwer)

ginger as a spice has been known from very early times; it was supposed by the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans to be a product of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, and was received by them by way of the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea; in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India it has also been known from a very remote period, the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin names being derived from. the See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit . Fluckiger and Hanbury, in their Pharmacographia, give the following notes on the See also:

• HISTORY

history of ginger . On the authority of See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent's See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation of the Ancients, it is stated that in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of imports from the Red Sea into See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, which in the second See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of our era were there liable to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman fiscal See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, ginger occurs among other See also:

• INDIAN

Indian spices .

So frequent is the mention of ginger in similar lists during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, that it evidently constituted an important See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item in the commerce between See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . It thus appears in the See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff of duties levied at See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine about 1173, in that of See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona in 1221, See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles in 1228 and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1296 . Ginger seems to have been well known in England even before the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest, being often referred to in the Anglo-Saxon See also:

• LEECH
• LEECH, JOHN (1817-1864)

leech-books of the 11th century . It was very See also:

• COMMON

common in the 13th and 14th centuries, ranking next in value to See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper, which was then the commonest of all spices, and costing on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average about Is . 7d. per lb . Three kinds of ginger were. known among the merchants of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy about the middle of the 14th century: (1) Belledi or Baladi, an Arabic GINGER 27 name, which, as applied to ginger, would signify See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country or wild, and denotes common ginger; (2) Colombino, which refers to Columbum, Kolam or See also:

• QUILON

Quilon, a See also:

• PORT

port in See also:

• TRAVANCORE

Travancore, frequently mentioned in the middle ages; and (3) Micchino, a name which denoted that the spice had been brought from or by way of See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . Marco See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

Polo seems to have seen the ginger plant both in India and See also:

• CHINA

China between 128o and 1290 . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Montecorvino, a missionary See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar who visited India about 1292, gives a description of the plant, and refers to the fact of the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root being dug up and transported . Nicolo di Conto, a Venetian See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant in the early See also:

• PART

part of the 15th century, also describes the plant and the collection of the root, as seen by him in India . Though the Venetians received ginger by way of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, some of the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior kinds were taken from India overland by the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea . The spice is said to have been introduced into America From See also:

• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742)
• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1794-1871)

Bentley & Trimen's Medicinal See also:

• PLANTS

Plants, by permission of J . & A .

See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill . Ginger (Zingiber officinale), about 1 nat. See also:

• SIZE

size, with leafy and flowering stem; the former cut off short . Flower . 1, Labellum, representing two Flower in See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section. barren stamens . Fertilestamen,envelopingthe st, Fertile stamen . See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style which projects above it. y, Staminode . Piece of leafy stem . 1-3 x, Tip of style bearing the enlarged. stigma . Sepals. z, Style . Petals. gl, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

Honey-secreting glands . by Francisco de Mendota, who took it from the East Indies to New See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . It seems to have been shipped for commercial purposes from See also:

• SAN

San Domingo as early as 1585, and from See also:

• BARBADOS, or BARBADOES

Barbados in 1654; so early as 1547 considerable quantities were sent from the West Indies to Spain .

Ginger is known in commerce in two distinct forms, termed respectively coated and uncoated ginger, as having or wanting the epidermis . For the first, the pieces, which are called " races " or " hands," from their irregular palmate See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, are washed and simply dried in the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . In this form ginger presents a See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, more or less irregularly wrinkled or striated See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and when broken shows a dark brownish fracture, hard, and sometimes horny and resinous . To produce uncoated ginger the rhizomes are washed, scraped and sun-dried, and are often subjected to a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching, either from the fumes of burning See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur or by See also:

• IMMERSION (Lat. immersio, dipping),

immersion for a short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of chlorinated See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime . The whitewashed See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance that much of the ginger has, as seen in the shops, is due to the fact of its being washed in See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

whiting and See also:

• WATER

water, or even coated with sulphate of 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . s, P, lime . This artificial coating is supposed by some to give the ginger a better appearance; it often, however, covers an inferior quality, and can readily be detected by the ease with which it rubs off, or by its leaving a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white powdery substance at the bottom of the See also:

• JAR

jar in which it is contained . Uncoated ginger, as seen in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, varies from single See also:

• JOINTS

joints an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch or less in length to flattish irregularly branched pieces of several joints, the " races " or " hands," and from 3 to 4 in. long; each See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch has a depression at its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit showing the former See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment of a leafy stem . The See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, when not whitewashed, is a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff; it is somewhat rough or fibrous, breaking with a short mealy fracture, and presenting on the surfaces of the broken parts numerous short bristly See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal constituents of ginger are See also:

• STARCH

starch, volatile oil (to which the characteristic odour of the spice is due) and See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin (to which is attributed its pungency) . Its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief use is as a condiment or spice, but as an aromatic and stomachic See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine it is also used internally . " The stimulant, aromatic and carminative properties render it of much value in atonic See also:

• DYSPEPSIA (from the Gr. prefix Sur-, hard, ill, and 'irirreiv, to digest)

dyspepsia, especially if accompanied with much flatulence, and as an See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct to purgative medicines to correct griping." Externally applied as a rubefacient, it has been found to relieve headache and toothache . The rhizomes, collected in a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young green state, washed, scraped and preserved in See also:

• SYRUP (0. Fr. ysserop, mod. sirop, Span. xarope, for axarope, Arab. al, the, and sharab, drink; cf. Sherbet " and " Shrub ")

syrup, form a delicious preserve, which is largely exported both from the West Indies and from China . Cut up into pieces like lozenges and preserved in See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, ginger also forms a very agreeable sweetmeat .