VINCENZO See also:

• VINCENZO GIOBERTI (18oI-1852)

GIOBERTI (18oI-1852)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian philosopher, publicist and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• TURIN

Turin on the 5th of See also:

• APRIL

April 18o1 . He was educated by the fathers of the See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

Oratory with a view to the priesthood and ordained in 1825 . At first he led a very retired See also:

• LIFE

life; but gradually took more and more See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the affairs of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and the new See also:

• POLITICAL

political ideas as well as in the literature of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Partly under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Mazzini, the freedom of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy became his ruling See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive in life,—its emancipation, not only from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign masters, but from modes of thought See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien to its See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, and detrimental to its See also:

• EUROPEAN

European authority . This authority was in his mind connected with papal supremacy, though in a way quite novel—intellectual rather than political . This must be remembered in considering nearly all his writings, and also in estimating his position, both in relation to the ruling clerical party—the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits—and also to the politics of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont after the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert in 1831 . He was now noticed by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and made one of his chaplains . His popularity and private influence, however, were reasons enough for the court party to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark him for See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile; he was not one of them, and could not be depended on . Knowing this, he resigned his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in 1833, but was suddenly arrested on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, and, after an imprisonment of four months, was banished without a trial . See also:

• GIOBERTI, VINCENZO (18oI-1852)

Gioberti first went to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and, a See also:

• YEAR

year later, to See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, where he remained till 1845, teaching See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, and assisting a friend in the See also:

• WORK

work of a private school . He nevertheless found See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to write many See also:

• WORKS

works of philosophical importance, with See also:

• SPECIAL

special reference to his country and its position . An See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty having been declared by Charles Albert in 1846, Gioberti (who was again in Paris) was at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to return to Italy, but refused to do so till the end of 1847 .

On his entrance into Turin on the 29th of April 1848 he was received with the greatest See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . He refused the dignity of senator offered him by Charles Albert, preferring to represent his native See also:

• TOWN

town in the Chamber of Deputies, of which he was soon elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the same year, a new See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry was formed, headed by Gioberti; but with the accession of See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1849, his active life came to an end . For a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time indeed he held a seat in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, though without a See also:

• PORTFOLIO (shortened form of Porto folio, adapted from the Ital. portafogli, portare, to carry, and fogli, sheets or leaves of paper, Lat. folium, leaf)

portfolio; but an irreconcilable disagreement soon followed, and his removal from Turin was accomplished by his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment on a See also:

• MISSION

mission to Paris, whence he never returned . There, refusing the See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension which had been offered him and all ecclesiastical preferment, he lived frugally, and spent his days and nights as at Brussels in "See also:

• LITERARY

literary labour . He died suddenly, of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy, on the 26th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1852 . Gioberti's writings are more important than his political career . In the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• HISTORY

history of European philosophy they stand apart . As the speculations of Rosmini-Serbati, against which he wrote, have been called the last See also:

• LINK

link added to See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval thought, so the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of Gioberti, known as " Ontologism," more especially in his greater and earlier works, is unrelated to other See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of thought . It shows a See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic faith which caused See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin to declare that "Italian philosophy was still in the bonds of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology," and that Gioberti was no philosopher . Method is with him a synthetic, subjective and psychological See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument . He re-constructs, as he declares, See also:

• ONTOLOGY (adapted from a modern Latin form ontologia used by Jean le Clerc 1692; Gr. 6v, Evros, pres. part. of dam, to be, and klryos, science)

ontology, and begins with the " ideal See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula," " the Ens creates ex nihilo the existent." See also:

• GOD

God is the only being (Ens) ; all other things are merely existences .

God is the origin of all human knowledge (called l'See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, thought), which is one and so to say identical with God himself . It is directly beheld (intuited) by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, but in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to be of use it has to be reflected on, and this by means of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . A knowledge of being and existences (See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete, not abstract) and their mutual relations, is necessary as the beginning of philosophy . Gioberti is in some respects a Platonist . He identifies See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion with See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, and in his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani arrives at the conclusion that the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church is the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis on which the well-being of human life revolves . In it he affirms the idea of the supremacy of Italy, brought about by the restoration of the papacy as a moral dominion, founded on religion and public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . In his later works, the Rinnovamento and the Protologia, he is thought by some to have shifted his ground under the influence of events . His first work, written when he was See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-seven, had a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal reason for its existence . A See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-exile and friend, See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Pallia, having many doubts and misgivings as to the reality of See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation and a future life, Gioberti at once set to work with La Teorica del sovrannaturale, which was his first publication (1838) . After this, philosophical See also:

• TREATISES

treatises followed in rapid See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . The Teorica was followed by Introduzione allo studio della filosofia in three volumes (1839-1840) . In this work he states his reasons for requiring a new method and new terminology .

Here he brings out the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine that religion is the See also:

• DIRECT

direct expression of the idea in this life, and is one with true civilization in history . Civilization is a conditioned mediate tendency to perfection, to which religion is the final completion if carried out; it is the end of the second See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle expressed by the second formula, the Ens redeems existences . Essays (not published till 1846) on the lighter and more popular subjects, Del See also:

• BELLO, ANDRES (1781–1865)

bello and Del buono, followed the Introduzione . Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani and the Prolegomeni to the same, and soon after-wards his triumphant exposure of the Jesuits, Il Gesuita moderno, no doubt hastened the See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of See also:

• RULE

rule from clerical to See also:

• CIVIL

civil hands . It was the popularity of these semi-political works, increased by other occasional political articles, and his Rinnovamento civile d'Italiaf that caused Gioberti to be welcomed with such enthusiasm on his return to his native country . All these works were perfectly orthodox, and aided in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing the liberal See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy into the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement which has resulted since his time in the unification of Italy . The Jesuits, however, closed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope more firmly after his return to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and in the end Gioberti's writings were placed on the See also:

• INDEX

Index (see J . Kleutgen, Uber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Verurtheilung See also:

• DES

des Ontologismus durch den heiligen See also:

• STAHL, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1802-1861)
• STAHL, GEORG ERNST (1660-1734)

Stahl, 1867) . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his works, especially La Filosofia della Rivelazione and the Protologia, give his matureviews on many points . The entire writings of Gioberti, including those See also:

• LEFT

left in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, have been edited by Giuseppe Massari (Turin, 1856-1861) . See Massari, Vita de V . Gioberti (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1848) ; A .

Rosmini-Serbati, V . Gioberti e it panteismo (See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, 1848) ; C . B . See also:

• SMYTH (or SMITH), JOHN (c. 1570-1612)
• SMYTH (or SMITH), WILLIAM (c. 1460-1514)
• SMYTH, CHARLES
• SMYTH, SIR WARINGTON WILKINSON (1817-1890)

Smyth, See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

Metaphysics (1851); B . Spaventa, La Filosofia di Gioberti (See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, 1854) ; A . Mauri, Della vita e delle opere di V . Gioberti (See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, 1853) ; G . Prisco, Gioberti e l' ontologismo (Naples, 1867) ; P . Luciani, Gioberti e la filosofia nuova italiana (Naples, 1866-1872); D . Berti, Di V . Gioberti (Florence, 1881) ; see also L . See also:

• FERRI, CIRO (1634-1689)
• FERRI, LUIGI (1826-1895)

Ferri, L'Histoire de la philosophic en See also:

• ITALIC

Italic au XIX' siecle (Paris, 1869) ; C .

See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, Die italienische Philosophic des 19 . Jahrhunderts, ii . (1885); appendix to See also:

• UEBERWEG, FRIEDRICH (1826-1871)

Ueberweg's Hist, of Philosophy (Eng. tr.); See also:

• ART

art. in See also:

• BROWNSON, ORESTES AUGUSTUS (1803-1876)

Brownson's Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass.), xxi.; R . Mariano, La Philosophic contemporaine en Italic (1866) ; R . Seydel's exhaustive See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• ERSCH, JOHANN SAMUEL (1766–1828)

Ersch and See also:

• GRUBER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1774-1851)

Gruber's Allgemeine Encyclopadie . The See also:

• CENTENARY (from Lat. centenarius, of or belonging to a hundred, from centeni, distributive of centum, hundred)

centenary of Gioberti called forth several monographs in Italy . GIOIOSA-IONICA, a town of See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Reggio Calabria, from which it is 65 m . N.E. by See also:

• RAIL

rail, and 38 m. direct, 492 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Pop . (1901) town, 9072; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 11,200 . Near the station, which is on the E. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Calabria 3 M. below the town to the S.E., the remains of a See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre belonging to the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period were discovered in 1883; the See also:

• ORCHESTRA (Fr. Orchestre; Ger. Kapelle, Orchester; Ital. Orchestra)

orchestra was 46 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter (Notizie degli scavi, 1883, p . 423) .

The ruins of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• BUILDING

building called the Naviglio, the nature of which does not seem clear, are described (ib . 1884, p . 252) .