GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS (1146?-122o)  , See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval historian, also called GERALD DE BARRI, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PEMBROKESHIRE (Sir Benfro, Dyfed)

Pembrokeshire . He was the son of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William de Barri and Augharat, a daughter of Gerald, the ancestors of the Fitzgeralds and the Welsh princess, Nesta, formerly See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I . Falling under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• FITZGERALD
• FITZGERALD, EDWARD (1809–1883)
• FITZGERALD, LORD E
• FITZGERALD, LORD EDWARD (1763-1798)
• FITZGERALD, LORD THOMAS (loth earl of Kildare), (1513-1537)
• FITZGERALD, RAYMOND, or REDMOND (d. ca. 1182)

Fitzgerald, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of St David's, he determined to enter the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . He studied at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and his . See also:

• WORKS

works show that he had applied himself closely to the study ct ,the Latin poets . In 1172 he was appointed to collect tithe in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and showed such vigour that he was made See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon . In 1176 an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made to elect him bishop of St David's, but Henry II. was unwilling to see any one with powerful native connexions a bishop in Wales . In 118o, after another visit to Paris, he was appointed commissiary to the bishop of St David's,who had ceased to reside . But Giraldus threw up his See also:

• POST

post, indignant at the indifference of the bishop to the welfare of his see . In 1184 he was made one of the king's chaplains, and was elected to accompany See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John on his voyage to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . While there he wrote a Topographia Hibernica, which is full of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, and a strongly prejudiced See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, the Expugnatio Hibernica . In 1186 he read his See also:

• WORK

work with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• APPLAUSE (Lat. applaudere, to strike upon, clap)

applause before the masters and scholars of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . In 1188 he was sent into Wales with the See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin to preach the Third Crusade .

Giraldus declares that the See also:

• MISSION

mission was highly successful; in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it gave him the material for his See also:

• ITINERARIUM (i.e. road-book, from Lat. iter, road)

Itinerarium Cambrense, which is, after the Expugnatio, his best known work . He accompanied the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop, who intended him to be the historian of the Crusade, to the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, with the intention of going to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land . But in 1189 he was sent back to Wales by the king, who knew his influence was great, to keep See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order among his countrymen . Soon after he was absolved from his crusading See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow . According to his own statements, which often tend to exaggeration, he was offered both the See also:

• SEES

sees of See also:

• BANGOR
• BANGOR (formerly BANGOR FAWR, as distinguished from several other towns of this name in Wales, Ireland, Brittany, &c.)

Bangor and See also:

• LLANDAFF

Llandaff, but refused them . From 1192 to 1198 he lived in retirement at See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln and devoted himself to literature . It is probably during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period that he wrote the Gemma ecclesiastica (discussing disputed points of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, &c.) and the Vita S . Remigii . In 1198 he was elected bishop of St David's . But See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter, the archbishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury, was determined to have in that position no Welshman who would dispute the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan pretensions of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PRIMATES
• PRIMATES (Lat. primas, first)

primates . The king, for See also:

• POLITICAL

political reasons, supported Hubert Walter . For four years Giraldus exerted himself to get his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election confirmed, and to vindicate the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of St David's from Canterbury .

He went three times to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . He wrote the De jure Meneviensis ecclesiae in support of the claims of his See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese . He made alliances with the princes of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Wales . He called a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of his diocese . He was accused of stirring up See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion among the Welsh, and the See also:

• JUSTICIAR (med. Lat. justiciarius or justitiarius, a judge)

justiciar proceeded against him . At length in 1202 the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope annulled all previous elections, and ordered a new one . The See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of Llanthony was finally elected . Gerald was immediately reconciled to the king and archbishop; the utmost favour was shown to him; even the expenses of his unsuccessful election were paid . He spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life in retirement, though there was some talk of his being made a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal . He certainly survived John . The works of Giraldus are partly polemical and partly See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical . His value as a historian is marred by his violent party spirit; some of his historical tracts, such as the See also:

• LIBER

Liber de instructione principum and the Vita Galfridi Archiepiscopi Eborecensis, seem to have been designed as political See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets .

Henry II., Hubert Walter and William See also:

• LONGCHAMP, WILLIAM (d. 1197)

Longchamp, the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard I., are the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of his worst invectives . His own pretensions to the see of St David are the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive of many of his misrepresentations . But he is one of the most vivid and witty of our medieval historians . See the Rolls edition of his works, ed . J . S . See also:

• BREWER, JOHN SHERREN (1810-1879)

Brewer, J . F . Dimock and G . F . See also:

• WARNER, OLIN LEVI (1844-1896)
• WARNER, SETH (1743-1784)
• WARNER, WILLIAM (1558?-16o9)

Warner in 8 vols . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1861-1891), some of which have valuable introductions .