See also:

• GIRY (JEAN MARIE JOSEPH), ARTHUR (1848-1899)

GIRY (See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH), See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

ARTHUR (1848-1899)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Trevoux (See also:

• AIN

Ain) on the 29th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1848 . After rapidly completing his classical studies at the lycee at See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, he spent some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the administrative service and in journalism . He then entered the Ecole See also:

• DES

des Chartes, where, under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of J . See also:

• QUICHERAT, JULES ETIENNE JOSEPH (1814-1882)

Quicherat, he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a strong inclination to the study of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . The lectures at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, which he attended from its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in 1868, revealed his true See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent; and henceforth he devoted himself almost entirely to scholarship . He began modestly by the study of the municipal charters of St Omer . Having been appointed assistant lecturer and afterwards full lecturer at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, it was to the See also:

• TOWN

town of St Omer that he devoted his first lectures and his first important See also:

• WORK

work, Histoire de la ville de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Omer et de ses institutions jusqu'au XI V' siecle (1877) . He, however, soon realized that the charters of one town can only be understood by comparing them with those of other towns, and he was gradually led to continue the work which Augustin See also:

• THIERRY

Thierry had broadly outlined in his studies on the Tiers Etat . A See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute knowledge of printed books and a methodical examination of departmental and•communal archives furnished him with material for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long course of successful lectures, which gave rise to some important See also:

• WORKS

works on municipal See also:

• HISTORY

history and led to a See also:

• GREAT

great revival of See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the origins and significance of the See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban communities in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . See also:

• GIRY (JEAN MARIE JOSEPH), ARTHUR (1848-1899)

Giry himself published See also:

• LES

Les Etablissementsde See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen (1883-1885), a study, based on very minute researches, of the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter granted to the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and of the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of- similar charters throughout the French dominions of the Plantagenets; a collection of Documents sur les relations de La royaute avec les villes de France de 1z8o a 1314 (1885); and Etude sur les origines de la See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune de Saint-Quentin (1887) . About this time See also:

• PERSONAL

personal considerations induced Giry to devote the greater See also:

• PART

part of his activity to the study of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic, which had been much neglected at the Ecole des Chartes, but had made great strides in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . As assistant (1883) and successor (1885) to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis de Mas Latrie, Giry restored the study of diplomatic, which had been founded in France by Dom See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• MABILLON, JOHN (1632-1707)

Mabillon, to its legitimate importance .

In 1894 he published his See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel de diplomatique, a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of lucid and well-arranged erudition, which contained the fruits of his long experience of archives, See also:

• ORIGINAL

original documents and textual See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism; and his pupils, especially those at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes, soon caught his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . With their collaboration he under-took the preparation of an See also:

• INVENTORY (post-class. Lat. inventarium, a list or repertory, from invenire to find)

inventory and, subsequently, of a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition of the Carolingian diplomas . By arrangement with E . Muhlbacher and the editors of the Monumenta Germaniae historica, this part of the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint work was reserved for Giry . Simultaneously with this work he carried on the publication of the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the Carolingian See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Jahrbucher, reserving for himself the reign of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bald . Of this See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series his pupils produced in his lifetime Les Derniers Carolingiens (by F . See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

Lot, 1891), Eudes, See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris at roi de France (by E . See also:

• FAVRE, JEAN ALPHONSE (1815-1890)
• FAVRE, JULES CLAUDE GABRIEL (1809-1880)

Favre, 1893), and Charles le See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple (by Eckel, 1899) . The See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of Louis IV. and See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• CAPET

Capet and the history of, the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence were not published until after his See also:

• DEATH

death, and his own unfinished history of Charles the Bald was See also:

• LEFT

left to be completed by his pupils . The preliminary work on the Carolingian diplomas involved such lengthy and costly researches that the See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic des See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres took over the expenses after Giry's death . In the midst of these multifarious labours Giry found time for extensive archaeological researches, and made a See also:

• SPECIAL

special study of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• TREATISES

treatises dealing with the technical processes employed in the arts and See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . He prepared a new edition of the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus's celebrated See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, Diversarum artium schedula, and for several years devoted his Saturday mornings to laboratory See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research with the chemist Aime See also:

• GIRARD, JEAN BAPTISTE [known as " Le Pere Girard " or" Le Pere Gregoire "] (1765-185o)
• GIRARD, PHILIPPE HENRI DE (1775-1845)
• GIRARD, STEPHEN (1750-1831)

Girard at the See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, the results of which were utilized by Marcellin See also:

• BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN PIERRE EUGENE (1827–1907)

Berthelot in the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume (1894) of his Chimie au moyen See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age .

Giry took an energetic part in the Collection de textes relatifs a l'histoire du moyen age, which was due in great measure to his initiative . He was appointed director of the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of French history in La Grande Encyclopedie, and contributed more than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred articles, many of which, e.g . " Archives " and " Diplomatique," were original works . In collaboration with his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre See also:

• REVILLE, ALBERT (1826- )

Reville, he wrote the chapters on " L'Emancipation des villes, les communes et les bourgeoisies " and " Le See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce et l'industrie au moyen age " for the Histoire generale of See also:

• LAVISSE, ERNEST (1842– )

Lavisse and See also:

• RAMBAUD, ALFRED NICOLAS (1842-1905)

Rambaud . Giry took a keen interest in politics, joining the republican party and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing numerous articles in the republican See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, mainly on See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical subjects . He was intensely interested in the See also:

• DREYFUS, ALFRED (1859– )

Dreyfus See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, but his robust constitution was undermined by the anxieties and disappointments occasioned by the See also:

• ZOLA, EMILE EDOUARD CHARLES ANTOINE (1840-1902)

Zola trial and the See also:

• RENNES

Rennes See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, and he died in Paris on the 13th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1899 . For details of Giry's See also:

• LIFE

life and works see the funeral orations published in the Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Charles, and afterwards in a pamphlet (1899) . See also the See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand Lot in the Annuaire de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes for 1901; and the bibliography of his works by Henry See also:

• MAISTRE, JOSEPH DE (1754-1821)
• MAISTRE, XAVIER DE (1763-1852)

Maistre in the Correspondance historique at archeologique (1899 and 1900) .