See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

HALL See also:

• GLADSTONE
• JOHN HALL GLADSTONE (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

GLADSTONE (1827-1902)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HACKNEY
• HACKNEY (from Fr. haquenee, Lat. equus, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the English " hack " is simply an abbreviation)

Hackney, See also:

• LONDON

London, on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1827 . From childhood he showed See also:

• GREAT

great aptitude for See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science; See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology was his favourite subject, but since this in his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion did not afford a career of promise, he devoted himself to See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, which he studied under See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham at University See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, London, and See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, where he graduated as Ph.D. in 1847 . In 185o he became chemical lecturer at St Thomas's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, and three years later was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society at the unusually See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty-six . From 1858 to 1861 he served on the royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on lighthouses, and from 1864 to 1868 was a member of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee on See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton . From 1874 to 1877 he was Fullerian See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, in 1874 he was chosen first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Society, and in 1877–1879 he was president of the Chemical Society . In 1897 the Royal Society recognized his fifty years of scientific See also:

• WORK

work by awarding him the See also:

• DAVY, SIR HUMPHRY

Davy See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal .. Dr See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone's researches were large in number and wide in range, dealing to a great extent with problems that See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on the border-See also:

• LINE

line between physics and chemistry . Thus a number of his inquiries, and those not the least important, were partly chemical, partly See also:

• OPTICAL

optical . He determined the optical constants of hundreds of substances, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of discovering whether any of the elements possesses more than one atomic See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction . Again, he investigated the connexion between the optical behaviour, See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density and chemical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of ethereal See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, and the relation between molecular magnetic rotation and the refraction and See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion of nitrogenous compounds . So early as 1856 he showed the importance of the spectroscope in chemical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, and he was one of the first to See also:

• NOTICE

notice that the See also:

• FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON (1787-1826)

Fraunhofer spectrum at sunrise and sunset differs from that at midday, his conclusion being that the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere must be responsible for many of its absorption lines, which indeed were subsequently traced to the See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen and See also:

• WATER

water-vapour in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . Another portion of his work was of an electro-chemical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character .

His studies, with See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred Tribe (184o–1885) and W . Hibbert, in the chemistry of the storage See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery, have added largely to our knowledge, while the " See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-See also:

• ZINC

zinc couple," with which his name is associated together with that of Tribe, among other things, afforded a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple means of preparing certain generally popular or even widely known . He was seen to the greatest See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage, and was most thoroughly at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, in the debates of the See also:

• ETON

Eton Society, learnedly called " The Literati," and vulgarly " Pop," and in the editorship of the Eton See also:

• MISCELLANY

Miscellany . He See also:

• LEFT

left Eton at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas 1827 . He read for six months with private tutors, and in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1828 went up to See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, where, in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, he was nominated to a studentship . At See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Gladstone read steadily, but not laboriously, till he neared his final See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . During the latter See also:

• PART

part of his undergraduate career he took a brief but brilliant See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the proceedings of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, of which he was successively secretary and president . He made his first speech on the 11th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 183o . Brought up in the nurture and admonition of See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

Canning, he defended See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic emancipation, and thought the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington's See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government unworthy of See also:

• NATIONAL

national confidence . He opposed the removal of Jewish disabilities, arguing, we are told by a contemporary, " on the part of the Evangelicals," and pleaded for the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual extinction, in preference to the immediate abolition, of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery . But his great achievement was a speech against the Whig Reform See also:

• BILL

Bill . One who heard this famous discourse says: " Most of the speakers See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose, more or less, above their usual level, but when Mr Gladstone sat down we all of us See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in our lives had occurred .

It certainly was the finest speech of his that I ever heard." See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth said that his experience of Gladstone at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time " made me (and I doubt not others also) feel no less sure than of my own existence that Gladstone, our then Christ Church undergraduate, would one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day rise to be See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England." In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1831 Gladstone crowned his career by taking a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double first-class . See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax (1800—1885) used to say, with reference to the increase in the amount of See also:

• READING

reading requisite for the highest honours: " My double-first must have been a better thing than See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel's; Gladstone's must have been better than mine." Now came the 'choice of a profession . Deeply anxious to make the best use of his See also:

• LIFE

life, Gladstone turned his thoughts to See also:

• HOLY

holy orders . But his father had determined to make him Entry into a politician . Quitting Oxford in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1832, na- ment . Gladstone spent six months in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

ItalY, learning the we See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and studying See also:

• ART

art . In the following See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September he was suddenly recalled to England, to undertake his first See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . The fifth duke of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle was one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief potentates of the High Tory party . His See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank claim to " do what he liked with his own " in the See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of See also:

• NEWARK
• NEWARK (NEWARK-UPON-TRENT)
• NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, LORD (1601-1682)

Newark has given him a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HISTORY

history . But that claim had been rudely disputed by the return of a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical lawyer at the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of 1831 . The Duke was anxious to obtain a capable See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate to aid him in regaining his ascendancy over the rebellious See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough . His son, Lord See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, had heard Gladstone's speech against the Reform Bill delivered in the Oxford Union, and had written home that " a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man had uprisen in See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel." At his See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion the duke invited Gladstone to stand for Newark in the Tory See also:

• INTEREST

interest against Mr See also:

• SERJEANT

Serjeant See also:

• WILDE, OSCAR

Wilde, afterwards Lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor See also:

• TRURO
• TRURO, THOMAS WILDE, 1ST BARON (1782-1855)

Truro .

The last of the Unreformed parliaments was dissolved on the 3rd of December 1832 . Gladstone, addressing the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors of Newark, said that he was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by the opinions of no man and no party, but felt it a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch and resist that growing See also:

• DESIRE

desire for See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change which threatened to produce " along with partial See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good a See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy preponderance. of See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief." The first principle to which he looked for national salvation was, that the"duties of See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors are strictly and peculiarly religious, and that legislatures, like individuals, are bound to carry throughout their acts the spirit of the high truths they have acknowledged." The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the poor demanded See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention; labour should receive adequate remuneration; and he thought favourably of the " See also:

• ALLOTMENT (from O. Fr. a and toter, to divide by lot)

allotment of cottage grounds." He regarded slavery as sanctioned by Holy Scripture, but the slaves ought to be educated and gradually emancipated . The contest resulted in his return at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• POLL

poll . The first Reformed See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament met on the 29th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1833, and the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young member for Newark took his seat for the firsttime in an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly which he was destined to adorn, delight and astonish for more than See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden speech was delivered on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June in reply to what was almost a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge . The colonial secretary, ton ofe3 Mr See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley, afterwards Lord See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby, brought forward slavery. a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of resolutions in favour of the extinction of slavery in the See also:

• BRITISH

British colonies . On the first See also:

• NIGHT

night of the debate Lord Howick, afterwards Lord See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey, who had been under-secretary for the Colonies, and who opposed the resolutions as proceeding too gradually towards abolition, cited certain occurrences on See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Gladstone's See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation in See also:

• DEMERARA

Demerara to illustrate his contention that the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of slave-labour in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies was attended by great mortality among the slaves . Gladstone in his reply—his first speech in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House—avowed that he had a pecuniary interest in the question, " and, if he might say so much without exciting suspicion, a still deeper interest in it as a question of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, of humanity and of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion." If there had recently been a high mortality on his father's plantation, it was due to the age of the slaves rather than to any See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar hardship in their See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot . It was true that the particular system of cultivation practised in Demerara was more trying than some others; but then it might be said that no two trades were equally conducive to See also:

• HEALTH

health . See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

Steel-grinding was notoriously unhealthy, and manufacturing processes generally were less favourable to life than agricultural . While strongly condemning See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, he declared himself an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of emancipation, but held that it should be effected gradually, and after due preparation . The slaves must be religiously educated, and stimulated to profitable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

The owners of emancipated slaves were entitled to receive See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation from parliament, because it was parliament that had established this description of See also:

• PROPERTY

property . " I do not," said Gladstone, " view property as an abstract thing; it is the creature of See also:

• CIVIL

civil society . By the legislature it is granted, and by the legislature it is destroyed . " On the following day See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV. wrote to Lord Althorp: " The king rejoices that a young member has come forward in so promising a manner as See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Althorp states Mr W . E . Gladstone to have done." In the same session Gladstone spoke on the question of See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery and corruption at See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, and on the temporalities of the Irish Church . In the session of 1834 his most important performance was a speech in opposition to See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume's proposal to throw the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities open to Dissenters . On the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1834 Lord Althorp succeeded to his father's See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage, and thereby vacated the leadership of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . The prime minister, Lord See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne, submitted to the king a choice of names for the chancellorship of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer and leadership of the House of Commons; but his See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty announced that, having lost the services of Lord Althorp as See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the House of Commons, he could feel no confidence in the stability of Lord Melbourne's government, and that it was his intention to send for the duke of Wellington . The duke took temporary See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of affairs, but Peel was felt to be indispensable . He had gone abroad after the session, and was now in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . As soon as he could be brought back he formed an See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and appointed Gladstone to a junior lordship of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury .

Parliament was dissolved on the 29th of December . Gladstone was returned unopposed, this time in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with the Liberal lawyer whom he had beaten at the last election . The new parliament met on the 19th of February 1835 . The elections had given the Liberals a considerable See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . Immediately after the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of parliament Glad-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone was promoted to the under-secretaryship for the colonies, where his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official chief was Lord See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen . The administration was not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-lived . On the 3oth of March Lord John See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell moved a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution in favour of an inquiry into the temporalities of the Irish Church, with the intention of applying the surplus to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• EDUCATION

education without distinction of religious creed . This was carried against ministers by a majority of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-three . On the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Peel resigned, and the under-secretary for the colonies of course followed his chief into private life . Released from the labours of office, Gladstone, living in See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent and an unsuspected See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment," on the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan to be See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in the See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany, practically divided his time between See also:

• LITERARY

Literary his parliamentary duties and study . Then, as always, work. his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant companions were See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and See also:

• DANTE

Dante, and it is recorded that he read the whole of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, in twenty-two See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo volumes . He used to frequent the services at St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's, Piccadilly, and See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, since better known as All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints', Margaret See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street .

On the loth of June 1837 King William IV. died, and Parliament, having been prorogued by the young See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, was dissolved on the 17th of the following See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . Simply on the strength of his parliamentary reputation Gladstone was nominated, without his consent, for See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, and was placed at the bottom of the poll; but, having been at the same time nominated at Newark, was again returned . The year 1838 claims special See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of Gladstone's life, because it witnessed the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of his famous work on The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State in its Relations with the Church . He had left Oxford just before the beginning of that Catholic revival which has transfigured both the inner spirit and the outward aspect of the Church of England . But the revival was now in full strength . The Tracts for the Times were saturating England with new influences . The See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement counted no more enthusiastic or more valuable See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple than Gladstone . Its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence had reached him through his friendships, notably with two See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

Fellows of Merton—Mr James See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, who became Mr Hope-See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott of See also:

• ABBOTSFORD

Abbotsford, and the Rev . H . E . See also:

• MANNING, HENRY EDWARD (1808-1892)

Manning, afterwards See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop . The .

State in its Relations with the Church was his See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical contribution to a controversy in which his deepest convictions were involved . He contended that the Church, as established by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, was to be " maintained for its truth," and that this principle, if good for England, was good also for See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . On the 25th of See also:

• JULY

July 1839 Gladstone was married at See also:

• HAWARDEN (pronounced Harden, Welsh Penarltg)

Hawarden to See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine Glynne, See also:

• SISTER

sister, and in her issue See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, of Sir See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Glynne, 'ninth and last See also:

• BARONET

baronet of that name . In 184o he published Church Principles considered in their Results . Parliament was dissolved in June 1841 . Gladstone was again returned for Newark . The general election resulted in a Tory majority of eighty . Sir Robert Peel became Eaters the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet. prime minister, and made the member for Newark See also:

• VICE

vice-president of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade . An inevitable change is from this time to be traced in the topics of Gladstone's parliamentary speaking . Instead of discoursing on the corporate See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience of the state and the endowments of the Church, the importance of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian education, and the theological unfitness of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews to sit in parliament, he is solving business-like problems about See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign tariffs and the exportation of machinery; waxing eloquent over the regulation of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, and a graduated tax on See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn; subtle on the monetary merits of half-farthings, and great in the mysterious See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore of See also:

• QUASSIA

quassia and cocculus indicus . In 1842 he had a See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in the preparation of the revised See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

tariff, by which duties were abolished or sensibly diminished in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of 1200 duty-paying articles . In defending the new See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme he spoke incessantly, and amazed the House by his mastery of detail, his intimate acquaintance with the commercial needs of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and his inexhaustible See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of exposition .

In 1843 Gladstone, succeeding Lord See also:

• RIPON
• RIPON, GEORGE FREDERICK SAMUEL ROBINSON, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1827-1909)

Ripon as president of the Board of Trade, became a member of the cabinet at the age of thirty-three . He has recorded the fact that " the very first opinion which he ever was called upon to give in cabinet " was an opinion in favour of withdrawing the bill providing education for See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in factories, to which vehement opposition was offered by the Dissenters, on the ground that it•was too favourable to the Established Church . At the opening of the session of 1845 the government, in pursuance of a promise made to Irish members that they would See also:

• MAYNOOTH

Maynooth See also:

• DEAL

deal with the question of academical education in See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant: Ireland, proposed to establish non-sectarian colleges resit"' in that country and to make a large addition to the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion. grant to the Roman Catholic College of Maynooth . Gladstone resigned office, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, as he announced in the debate on the address, to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form " not only an honest, but likewise an submitted by the government with respect to Maynooth . His subsequent See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the proposed grant, on the ground that it would be improper and unjust to exclude the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland from a " more indiscriminating support " which the state might give to various religious beliefs, was regarded by men of less sensitive conscience as only proving that there had been no adequate cause for his resignation . Before he resigned he completed a second revised tariff, carrying considerably further the principles on which he had acted in the earlier revision of 1842 . In the autumn of 1845 the failure of the See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop in Ireland threatened a See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine, and convinced Sir Robert Peel that all restrictions on the importation of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food must be at See also:

• FREE

Free once suspended . He was supported by only three trade. members of the cabinet, and resigned on the 5th of December . Lord John Russell, who had just announced his See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to See also:

• TOTAL

total and immediate See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the Corn See also:

• LAWS

Laws, declined the task of forming an administration, and on the loth of December Sir Robert Peel resumed office . Lord Stanley refused to re-enter the government, and his place as secretary of state for the colonies was offered to and accepted by Gladstone . He did not offer himself for re-election at Newark, and remained outside the House of Commons during the great struggle of the coming year . It was a curious See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony of See also:

• FATE

fate which excluded him from parliament at this crisis, for it seems unquestionable that he was the most advanced Free Trader in Sir Robert Peel's Cabinet .

The Corn Bill passed the House of Lords on the 28th of June 1846, and on the same day the government were beaten in the House of Commons on an Irish See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

Coercion Bill . Lord John Russell became prime minister, and Gladstone retired for a See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season into private life . Early in 1847 it was announced that one of the two members for the university of Oxford intended to retire at the general election, and Gladstone was proposed