See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS OF See also:

• WOODSTOCK

WOODSTOCK See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• DUKE THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK GLOUCESTER

GLOUCESTER  of (1355-1397), seventh and youngest son of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III., was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• WOODSTOCK

Woodstock on the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1355 . Having married Eleanor (d . 1399), daughter and co-heiress of See also:

• HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey de See also:

• BOHUN

Bohun, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex and See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton (d . 1373), See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas obtained the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• CONSTABLE (0. Fr. connestable, Fr. connetable, Med. Lat. comestabilis, conestabilis, constabularius, from the Lat. comes stabuli, count of the stable)
• CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD (1774-1827)
• CONSTABLE, HENRY (1562-1613)
• CONSTABLE, JOHN (1776-1837)
• CONSTABLE, SIR MARMADUKE (c. 1455-1518)

constable of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, a position previously held by the Bohuns, and was made earl of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II., at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation in See also:

• JULY

July 1377 . He took See also:

• PART

part in defending the English coasts against the attacks of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and Castilians, after which he led an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army through See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and central See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and besieged See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes, which See also:

• TOWN

town, however, he failed to take . Returning to England See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1381, Duckingham found that his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Gaunt, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, had married his wife's See also:

• SISTER

sister, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Bohun, to his own son, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, afterwards King Henry IV . The relations between the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, hitherto somewhat strained, were not improved by this proceeding, as Thomas, doubtless, was hoping to retain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Mary's estates . Having taken some part in crushing the rising of the peasants in 1381, Buckingham became more friendly with Lancaster; and while marching with the king into See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in 1385 was created duke of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, a See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of favour, however, which did not prevent him from taking up an attitude of hostility to Richard . Lancaster having See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, Gloucester placed himself at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the party which disliked the royal advisers, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael de la See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole, earl of See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert de See also:

• VERE
• VERE, SIR FRANCIS (1560-1609)

Vere, earl of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, whose See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the dignity of duke of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland had aroused profound discontent . The moment was propitious for interference, and supported by those who were indignant at the extravagance and incompetence, real or alleged, of the king, Gloucester was soon in a position of authority . He forced on the dismissal and See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment of Suffolk; was a member of the See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission appointed in 1386 to reform the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom and the royal See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household; and took up arms when Richard began proceedings against the commissioners . Having defeated Vere at Radcot in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1387 the duke and his associates entered See also:

• LONDON

London to find the king powerless in their hands .

Gloucester, who had previously threatened his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle with deposition, was only restrained from taking this extreme step by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of his colleagues; but, as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the " lords appellant " in the " Merciless See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament," which met in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1388 and was packed with his supporters, he took a See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage revenge upon his enemies, while not neglecting to add to his own possessions . He was not seriously punished when Richard regained his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in May 1389, but he remained in the background, although employed occasionally on public business, and accompanying the king to Ireland in 1394 . In 1396, however, uncle and nephew were again at variance . Gloucester disliked the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with France and Richard's' second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, daughter of King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VI.; other causes of difference were not wanting, and it has been asserted that the duke was plotting to seize the king . At all events Richard decided to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest him . By refusing an invitation to See also:

• DINNER

dinner the duke frustrated the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, but on the 11th of July 1397 he was arrested by the king himself at his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, Pleshey See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle in Essex . He was taken at once to See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, and it is probable that he was murdered by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the king on-the 9th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September following . The facts seem to be as follows . At the beginning of September it was reported that he was dead . The rumour, probably a deliberate one, was false, and about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Rickhill (d . 1407), was sent to Calais with instructions dated the 17th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August to obtain a See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession from Gloucester . On the 8th of September the duke confessed that he had been guilty of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, and his See also:

• DEATH

death immediately followed this avowal .

Unwilling to meet his parliament so soon after his uncle's death, Richard's purpose was doubtless to antedate this occurrence, and to See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster the impression that the duke had died from natural causes in August . When parliament met in September he was declared guilty of treason and his estates forfeited . Gloucester had one son, Humphrey (c . 1381-1399), who died unmarried, and four daughters, the most notable of whom was See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne (c . 138o-1438), who was successively the wife of Thomas, 3rd earl of See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford, See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund, 5th earl of Stafford, and William See also:

• BOURCHIER, ARTHUR (1864- )
• BOURCHIER, THOMAS (c. 1404-1486)

Bourchier, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Eu . Gloucester is supposed to have written L'Ordonnance d'Angleterre pour le See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp a l'outrance, ou gaige de bataille .