GLUCOSIDE  , in

chemistry, the generic name of an extensive group of substances characterized by the property of yielding a sugar, more commonly glucose, when hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by a ferment or enzyme . The name was originally given to vegetable products of this nature, in which the other part of the molecule was, in the greater number of cases, an aromatic aldehydic or phenolic compound (exceptions are sinigrin and jalapin or scammonin) . It has now been extended to include synthetic ethers, such as those obtained by acting on alcoholic glucose solutions with hydrochloric acid, and also the polysaccharoses, e.g. cane sugar, which appear to be ethers also . Although glucose is the commonest sugar present in glucosides, many are known which yield rhamnose or iso-dulcite; these may be termed pentosides . Much' attention has been given to the non-sugar parts of the molecules; the' constitutions of many have been determined, and the compounds synthesized; and in some cases the preparation of the synthetic glucoside effected . The simplest glucosides are the alkyl esters which E . Fischer (Ber., 28, pp . 1151, 3081) obtained by acting with hydrochloric acid on alcoholic glucose solutions . A better method of preparation is due to E . F . Armstrong and S . L .

Courtauld (Proc . Fischer found that maltase, an enzyme occurring in yeast 0 cells, hydrolysed a-glucosides but not the 0; while emulsin, H C OCH3 CH30 C .H an enzyme occurring in

bitter I. a-methyl II . 0-methyl d almonds, hydrolyses the (3 glucoside dglucoside . but not the a . The ethers of non-fermentable sugars are them-selves non-fermentable . By acting with these enzymes on the natural glucosides, it is found that the majority are of the 0-form; e.g. emulsin hydrolyses salicin, helicin, aesculin, coniferin, syringin, &c . Classification of the glucosides is a matter of some difficulty . One based on the chemical constitution of the non-glucose part of the molecules has been proposed by Umney, who framed four groups: (I) ethylene derivatives, (2) benzene derivatives, (3) styrolene derivatives, (4) anthracene derivatives . A group may also be made to include the cyanogenetic glucosides, i.e. those containing prussic acid . J . J . L. van Rijn (Die Glykoside, r9oo) follows a botanical classification, which has several advantages; in particular, plants of allied genera contain similar compounds .

In this

article the chemical classification will be followed . Only the more important compounds will be noticed, the reader being referred to van Rijn (loc. cit.) and to Beilstein's Handbuch der organischen Chemie for further details . I . Ethylene Derivatives.—These are generally mustard oils, and are characterized by a burning taste; their principal occurrence is in mustard and Tropaeolum seeds . Sinigrin or the potassium salt of myronic acid, C,0H16NS2KO9•H2O, occurs in black pepper and in horse-radish root . Hydrolysis with baryta, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium bisulphate . Sinalbin, C30H42N2S2015, occurs in white pepper; it decomposes to the mustard oil HO•C6H4•CH2•NCS, glucose and sinapin, a compound of choline and sinapinic acid . Jalapin or scammonin, C84H66O16, occurs in scammony; it hydrolyses to glucose and jalapinolic acid . The formulae of sinigrin, sinalbin, sinapin and jalapinolic acid are: C6H1105'S'CGO•SO2.OK C61-11105S C< ON.SOCH02C 6H24O N Sinigrin Sinalbin (CH3IO))22>CGH•CH:CH CO C2H4 O N<(CCH3)3 Sinapin C213>CH•CH(OH) •C1oH20.0O2H . Jalapinolic acid (Kramer) 2 . Benzene Derivatives.—These are generally oxy and oxyaldehydic compounds . Arbutin, C12H1507, which occurs in bearberry along with methyl arbutin, hydrolyses to hydroquinone and glucose .

Pharmacologically it acts as a urinary antiseptic and diuretic; the benzoyl derivative, cellotropin, has been used for

tuberculosis . Salicin, also termed " saligenin " and " glucose," C13H1807, occurs in the willow . The enzymes ptyalin and emulsin convert it into glucose and saligenin, ortho-oxybenzylalcohol, . HO • C6H 4• CH2OH . Oxidation gives the aldehyde helicin . Populin, C20H2208, which occurs in the leaves and bark of Populus tremula, is benzoyl salicin . 3 . Styrolene Derivatives.—T his group contains a benzene and also an ethylene group, being derived from styrolene C6H5•CH:CH2 . Coniferin, C16H2208i occurs in the cambium of coniferous woods . Emulsin converts it into glucose and coniferyl alcohol, while oxides tion gives glycovanillin, which yields with emulsin glucose and vanillin (see EuGENoL and VANILLA) . Syringin, which occurs in the bark of Syringa vulgaris, is methoxyconiferin . Phloridzin, C21H24010, occurs in the root-bark of various fruit trees; it hydrolyses to glucose and phloretin, which is the phloroglucin ester of paraoxyhydratropic acid .

It is related to the pentosides naringin, C21H26011, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phloroglucin ester of

para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, Phys . Soc., 1905, July 1), who dissolve solid anhydrous glucose in methyl alcohol containing hydrochloric acid . A mixture of a- and 13-glucose result, which are then etherified, and if the solution be neutralized before the 0-form isomerizes and the solvent removed, a mixture of the a- and '3-methyl ethers is obtained . These may be separated by the action of suitable ferments . Fischer found that these ethers did not reduce Fehling's solution, neither did they combine with phenyl hydrazine at roo°; they appear to be stereo-isomeric 7-oxidic compounds of the formulae I., II.: The difference between the a- and 0-forms is best shown by the CH2OH CH2OH selective action of enzymes .