See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, See also:

• BIRD

bird-See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, from the See also:

• LATE

Late See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• GLUTEN

gluten, glus, glue)  , a valuable agglutinant, consisting of impure See also:

• GELATIN, or GELATINE

gelatin and widely used as an adhesive See also:

• MEDIUM

medium for See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper and similar substances . Glues and gelatins See also:

• MERGE

merge into one another by imperceptible degrees . The difference is conditioned by the degree of purity: the more impure See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is termed See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

glue and is only used as an adhesive, the purer forms, termed gelatin, have other applications, especially in culinary operations and See also:

• CONFECTIONERY (from Lat. confectio, conficere, compound)

confectionery . Referring to the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article GELATIN for a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of this substance, it is only necessary to See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state here that gelatigenous or glue-forming tissues occur in the bones, skins and intestines of all animals, and that by extraction with hot See also:

• WATER

water these agglutinating materials are removed, and the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution on evaporating and cooling yields a jelly-like substance —gelatin or glue . Glues may be most conveniently classified according to their See also:

• SOURCES

sources: See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone glue, skin glue and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish glue; these may be regarded severally as impure forms of bone gelatin, skin gelatin and See also:

• ISINGLASS (probably a corruption of the Dutch huisenblas, Ger. Hausenblase, literally " sturgeon's bladder ")

isinglass . Bone Glue.—For the manufacture of glue the bones are supplied fresh or after having been used for making soups; See also:

• INDIAN

Indian and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICAN

American bones are unsuitable, since, by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of their previous treatment with See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, both their fatty and glue-forming constituents have been already removed (to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent) . On the See also:

• AVERAGE

average, fresh bones contain about 50% of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• MATTER

matter, mainly See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium and See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium See also:

• PHOSPHATES

phosphates, about 12% each of moisture and See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being other organic matter . The mineral matter reappears in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce chiefly as artificial manure; the fat is employed in the See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle, See also:

• SOAP

soap and See also:

• GLYCERIN, GLYCERINE

glycerin See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, while the other organic matter supplies glue . The separation of the fat, or " de-greasing of the bones " is effected (1) by boiling the bones with water in open vessels; (2) by treatment with steam under pressure; or (3) by means of solvents . The last See also:

• PROCESS

process is superseding the first two, which give a poor return of fat—a valuable See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration—and also involve the loss of a certain amount of glue . Many solvents have_ been proposed; the greatest commercial success appears to attend Scottish shale oil and natural See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum (See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian or American) boiling at about See also:

• IOO

ioo° C . The vessels in which theextraction is carried out consist of upright cylindrical boilers, provided with manholes for charging, a false bottom on which the bones See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and with two steam coils—one for See also:

• HEATING

heating only, the other for leading in " live " steam .

There is a See also:

• PIPE

pipe from the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel leading to a condensing plant . The vessels are arranged in batteries . In the actual operation the See also:

• BOILER

boiler is charged with bones, solvent is run in, and the mixture gradually heated by means of the dry coil; the spirit distils over, carrying with it the water See also:

• PRESENT

present in the bones; and after a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the extracted fat is run off from See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge cocks in the bottom of the extractor.' A fresh See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of solvent is introduced, and the See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle repeated; this is repeated a third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth time, after which the bones contain only about 0.2% of fat, and a little of the solvent, which is removed by blowing in live steam under qo to 8o lb pressure . The de-greased bones are now cleansed from all dirt and flesh by rotation in a See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal cylindrical See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum covered with stout See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire See also:

• GAUZE

gauze . The See also:

• ATTRITION (Lat. attritio, formed from atterere, to rub away)

attrition accompanying this See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion suffices to remove- the loosely adherent matter, which falls through the meshes of the gauze; this See also:

• MEAL

meal contains a certain amount of glue-forming matter, and is generally .passed through a finer mesh, the residuum being worked up in the glue-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and the See also:

• FLOUR

flour which passes through being sold as a bone-meal, or used as a manure . The bones, which now contain 5 to 6% of glue-forming See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen and about 6o % of calcium phosphate, are next treated for glue . The most economical process consists in steaming the bones under pressure (15 lb to start with, afterwards 5 lb) in upright cylindrical boilers fitted with false bottoms . The glue-liquors collect beneath the false bottoms, and when of a strength equal to about 20% dry glue they are run off to the clarifiers . The first runnings contain about 65 to 7o% of. the See also:

• TOTAL

total glue; a second steaming extracts another 25 to 30% . For clarifying the solutions, See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• ALUM

alum is used, one See also:

• PART

part being used for zoo parts of dry glue . The alum is added to the hot liquors , and the temperature raised to roo°; it is then allowed to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle, and the See also:

• SURFACE

surface scum removed by filtering through coarse See also:

• CALICO

calico or See also:

• FINE

fine wire filters . The clear liquors are now concentrated to a strength of about 32 % dry glue in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and 35 % in summer .

This is invariably effected in vacuum pans—open boiling yields a dark-coloured and inferior product . Many types of vacuum plant are in use; the Yaryan form, invented by H . T . Yaryan, is perhaps the best, and the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double effect See also:

• SYSTEM

system is the most efficient . After concentration the liquors are bleached by blowing in See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur dioxide, manufactured by burning sulphur; by this means the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour can be lightened to any desired degree . The liquors are now run into galvanized See also:

• SHEET

sheet-See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron troughs, 2 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 6 in. wide and 5 in. deep, where they congeal to a See also:

• FIRM

firm jelly, which is subsequently removed by cutting See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the edges, or by warming with hot water, and turning the cake out . The cake is sliced to sheets of convenient thickness, generally by means of a wire See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife, i.e. a piece of wire placed in a See also:

• FRAME

frame . See also:

• MECHANICAL

Mechanical slicers acting on this principle are in use . Instead of allowing the solution to congeal in troughs, it may be " See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast " on sheets of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, the bottoms of which are cooled by See also:

• RUNNING

running water . After congealing, the tremulous jelly is dried; this is an operation of great nicety: the See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation must be slow and is generally effected by circulating a rapid current of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air about the cakes supported on nets set in frames; it occupies from four to five days, and the cake contains on the average from to to 13 % of water . Skin Glue.—In the preparation of skin glue the materials used are the parings and cuttings of hides from tan-yards, the ears of oxen and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, the skins of rabbits, See also:

• HARES

hares, See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and other animals, the parings of tawed leather, See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment and old gloves, and many other See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous scraps of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal matter . Much experience is needed in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to prepare a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good ' This fat contains a small quantity of solvent, which is removed by heating with steam, when the solvent distils off .

Hot water is then run in to melt the fat, which rises to the surface of the water and is floated off . Another boiling with water, and again floating off, frees the fat from dirt and mineral matter, and the product is ready for tasking . glue from such heterogeneous materials; one blending may be a success and another a failure . The raw material has been divided into three great divisions: (I) sheep pieces and fleshings (ears, &c.); (2) ox fleshings and trimmings; (3) OR hides and pieces; the best glue is obtained from a mixture of the hide, See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear and See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face clippings of the ox and See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf . The raw material or " stock " is first steeped for from two to ten See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks, according to its nature, in wooden vats or pits with See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime water, and after-wards carefully dried and stored . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of the lime steeping is to remove any See also:

• BLOOD

blood and flesh which may be attached to the skin, and to form a lime soap with the fatty matter present . The " scrows " or glue pieces, which may be kept a long time without undergoing See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, are washed with a dilute hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid to remove all lime, and then very thoroughly with water; they are now allowed to drain and dry . The skins are then placed in See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp nets and introduced into an open boiler which has a false bottom, and a tap by which liquid may be run off . As the boiling proceeds test quantities of liquid are from time to time examined, and when a See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample is found on cooling to form a stiff jelly, which happens when it contains about 32 % dry glue, it is ready to draw off . The solution is then run to a clarifier, in which a temperature sufficient to keep it fluid is maintained, and in this way any impurity is permitted to subside . The glue solution is then run into wooden troughs or coolers in which it sets to a firm jelly . The cakes are removed as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of bone glue (see above), and, having been placed on nets, are, in the Scottish practice, dried by exposure to open air .

This See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive method has many disadvantages: on a hot See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the cake may become unshapely, or melt and slip through the See also:

• NET

net, or dry so rapidly as to crack; a See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost may produce fissures, while a See also:

• FOG

fog or mist may precipitate moisture on the surface and occasion a mouldy See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The surface of the cake, which is generally dull after drying, is polished by washing with water . The practice of boiling, clarification, cooling and drying, which has been already described in the case of bone glue, has been also applied to the separation of skin glue . Fish Glue.—Whereas isinglass, a very pure gelatin, is yielded by the sounds of a limited number of fish, it is found that all fish offals yield a glue possessing considerable adhesive properties . The manufacture consists in thoroughly washing the See also:

• OFFAL

offal with water, and then discharging it into extractors with live steam . After digestion, the liquid is run off, allowed to stand, the upper oily layer removed, and the See also:

• LOWER

lower gluey solution clarified with alum . The liquid is then filtered, concentrated in open vats, and bleached with sulphur dioxide.1 Fish glue is a See also:

• LIGHT

light-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown viscous liquid which has a distinctly disagreeable odour and an acrid See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste; these disadvantages to its use are avoided if it be boiled with a little water and 1% of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium phosphate, and 0'025% of saccharine added . Properties of Glue.—A good quality of glue should be See also:

• FREE

free from all specks and grit, have a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, light brownish-yellow, transparent appearance, and should break with a glassy fracture . Steeped for some time in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold water it softens and swells up without dissolving, and when again dried it ought to resume its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original properties . Under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat it entirely dissolves in water, forming a thin syrupy fluid with a not disagreeable See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell . The adhesiveness of different qualities of glue varies considerably; the best adhesive is formed by steeping the glue, broken in small pieces, in water until they are quite soft, and then placing them with just sufficient water to effect solution in the glue-pot . The hotter the glue, the better the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint; remelted glue is not so strong as the freshly prepared; and newly manufactured glue is inferior to that which has been long in stock .

It is therefore seen that many factors enter into the determination of the cohesive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of glue; a well-prepared joint may, under favourable conditions, withstand a pull of about 700 lb per sq. in . The following table, after Kilmarsch, shows the holding power of glued See also:

• JOINTS

joints with various kinds of See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . 1 The See also:

• RESIDUE (through the French, from the Lat. residuum, a remainder, from residere, to remain)

residue in the extractors is usually dried in steam-heated vessels, and mixed with See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium and magnesium salts; the product is then put on the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market as fish-potash See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano . lb per sq. in . Wood . With See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain . Across grain . See also:

• BEECH

Beech . . 852 434'5 See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

Maple . . 484 346 See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak 704 302 See also:

• FIR

Fir 605 132 See also:

• SPECIAL

Special Kinds of Glues, Cements, &'c.—By virtue of the fact that the word " glue " is frequently used to denote many adhesives, which may or may not contain gelatin, there will now be given an account of some special preparations . These may be conveniently divided into: (1) liquid glues, mixtures containing gelatin which do not jelly at ordinary temperatures but still possess adhesive properties; (2) water-See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof glues, including mixtures containing gelatin, and also the " marine glues," which contain no glue; (3) glues or cements for special purposes, e.g. for cementing glass, pottery, leather, &c., for cementing dissimilar materials, such as paper or leather to iron . Liquid Glues.—The demand for liquid glues is mainly due to the disadvantages—the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of dissolving and using while hot—of ordinary glue .

They are generally prepared by adding to a warm glue solution some reagent which destroys the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of gelatinizing . The reagents in See also:

• COMMON

common use are acetic acid; magnesium chloride, used for a glue employed by printers; hydrochloric acid and See also:

• ZINC

zinc sulphate; nitric acid and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead sulphate; and phosphoric acid and ammonium carbonate . Water-proof Glues.—Numerous recipes for water-proof glues have been published; glue, having been swollen by soaking in water, dissolved in four-fifths its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• LINSEED

linseed oil, furnishes a good water-proof adhesive; linseed oil See also:

• VARNISH

varnish and litharge, added to a glue solution, is also used; See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin added to a hot glue solution in water, and afterwards diluted with See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine, is another See also:

• RECIPE

recipe; the best glue is said to be obtained by dissolving one part of glue in'one and a See also:

• HALF

half parts of water, and then adding one-fiftieth part of potassium bichromate . Alcoholic solutions of various gums, and also tannic acid, confer the same property on glue solutions . The " marine glues " are solutions of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

india-See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, shellac or asphaltum, or mixtures of these substances, in See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene or See also:

• NAPHTHA

naphtha . See also:

• JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey's marine glue is formed by dissolving india-rubber in four parts of benzene and adding two parts of shellac; it is extensively used, being easily applied and drying rapidly and hard . Another water-proof glue which contains no gelatin is obtained by heating linseed oil with five parts of quicklime; when cold it forms a hard See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass, which melts on heating like ordinary glue . Special Glues.—There are innumerable recipes for adhesives specially applicable to certain substances and under certain conditions . For repairing glass, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, &c. isinglass (q.v.), which may be replaced by fine glue, yields valuable cements; bookbinders employ an elastic glue obtained from an ordinary glue solution and glycerin, the water being expelled by heating; an efficient See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement for mounting photographs is obtained by dissolving glue in ten parts of See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and adding one part of glycerin; portable or mouth glue—so named because it melts in the mouth—is prepared by dissolving one part of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar in a solution of four parts of glue . An india-rubber substitute is obtained by adding sodium tungstate and hydrochloric acid to a strong glue solution; this preparation may be rolled out when heated to 6o° . For further details see See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• LAMBERT [alias NICHOLSON], JOHN (d. 1538)
• LAMBERT, DANIEL (1770-1809)
• LAMBERT, FRANCIS (c 1486-153o)
• LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–1777)
• LAMBERT, JOHN (1619-1694)

Lambert, Glue, Gelatine and their Allied Products (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) ; R . L .

Fernbach, Glues and Gelatine (1907); H . C . Standage, Agglutinants of all Kinds for all Purposes (1907) .