GOATSUCKER  , a

bird from very ancient times absurdly believed to have the habit implied by the common name it bears in many European tongues besides English—as testified by the Gr. aiyoOi7Xas, the Lat. caprimulgus, Ital. succiacapre, Span. chotacabras, Fr. tettechevre, and Ger . Ziegenmelker . The common goatsucker (Caprimulgus europaeus, Linn.), is admittedly the type of a very peculiar and distinct family, Caprimulgidae, a group remarkable for the flat head, enormously wide mouth, large eyes, and soft, pencilled plumage of its members, which vary in size from a lark to a crow . Its position has been variously assigned by systematists . Though now judiciously removed from the Passeres, in which Linnaeus placed all the species known to him, Huxley considered it to form, with two other families—the swifts (Cypselidae) and humming-birds (Trochilidae)—the division Cypselomorphae of his larger group Aegithognathae, which is equivalent in the main to the Linnaean Passeres . There are two ways of regarding the Caprimulgidaeone including the genus Podargus and its allies, the other recognizing them as a distinct family, Podargidae . As a matter of convenience we shall here comprehend these last in the Caprimulgidae, which will then contain two subfamilies, Caprimulginae and Podarginae; for what, according to older authors, constitutes a third, though represented only by Steatornis, the singular oil-bird, or guacharo, certainly seems to require separation as an independent family (see GUACHARO) . Some of the differences between the Caprimulginae and Podarginae have been pointed out by Sclater (Pioc . Zool . Soc., 1866, p . 123), and are very obvious . In the former, the outer toes have four phalanges only, thus presenting a very uncommon character among birds, and the middle claws are pectinated; while in the latter the normal number of five phalanges is found, possessing this valuable quality, but those of Kashmir, Tibet and Mongolia are the most esteemed .

The Nubian

goat, which is met with in Nubia, Upper Egypt and Abyssinia, differs greatly in appearance from those previously described . The coat of the female is extremely short, almost like that of a race-horse, and the legs are long . This breed therefore stands considerably higher than the common goat . One of its peculiarities is the convex profile of the face, the forehead being prominent and the nostrils sunk in, the nose itself extremely small, and the lower lip projecting from the upper . The ears are long, broad and thin, and hang down by the side of the head like a lop-eared rabbit . The horns are black, slightly twisted and very short, flat at the base, pointed at the tips, and recumbent on the head . Among goats met with in England a good many show signs of a more or less remote cross with this breed, derived probably from specimens brought from the East on board ships for supplying milk during the voyage . The Theban goat, of the Sudan, which is hornless, displays the characteristic features of the last in an exaggerated degree, and in the form of the head and skull is very sheep-like . The Nepal goat appears to be a variety of the Nubian breed, having the same arched facial line, pendulous ears and long legs . The horns, however, are more spiral . The colour of the hair, which is longer than in the Nubian, is black, grey or white, with black blotches . Lastly the Guinea goat is a dwarf breed originally from the coast whence its name is derived .

There are three varieties . Besides the 'commonest Capra recurva, there is a rarer breed, Capra depressa, inhabiting the

Mauritius and the islands of Bourbon and Madagascar . The other variety is met with along the White Nile, in Lower Egypt, and at various points on the African coast of the Mediterranean . As regards wild goats other than the representatives of Capra hircus, the members of the ibex-group are noticed under IBEX, while another distinctive type receives mention under MARKHOR . The ibex are connected with the wild goat by means of Capra nubiana, in which the front edge of the horns is thinner than in either the European C. ibex or the Asiatic C. sibirica; while the Spanish C. pyrenaica shows how the ibex-type of horn may pass into the spirally twisted one distinctive of the markhor, C. falconeri . In the article IBEX mention is made of the Caucasus ibex, or tur; C. caucasica, as an aberrant member of that group` but beside this animal the Caucasus is the home of another very remarkable goat, or tur, known as C. pallasi . In this ruminant, which is of a dark-brown colour, the relatively smooth black horns diverge outwards in a manner resembling those of the bharal among the sheep rather than in goat-fashion; and, in fact, this tur, which has only a very short beard, is so bharal-like that it is commonly called by sportsmen the Caucasian bharal . Common Goatsucker . and the claws are smooth, and other distinctions more recondite have also been indicated by him (torn. cit. p . 582) . The Caprimulginae may be further divided into those having the gape thickly beset by strong bristles, and those in which there are few such bristles or none—the former containing the genera Caprimulgus, Antrostomus, Nyctidromus and others, and the latter Podargus, Chordiles, Lyncornis and a few more . The common goatsucker of Europe (C. europaeus) arrives late in spring from its winter-retreat in Africa, and its presence is soon made known by its habit of chasing its prey, consisting chiefly of moths and cockchafers, in the evening-twilight .

As the

season advances the song of the cock, from its singularity, attracts attention amid all rural sounds . This song seems to be always uttered when the bird is at rest, though the contrary has been asserted, and is the continuous repetition of a single burring note, as of a thin lath fixed at one end and in a state of vibration at the other, and loud enough to reach in still weather a distance of half-a-mile or more . On the wing, while toying with its mate, or performing its rapid evolutions round the trees where it finds its food, it has the habit of occasionally producing another and equally extraordinary sound, sudden and short, but some-what resembling that made by swinging a thong in the air, though whether this noise proceeds from its mouth is not ascertained . In general its flight is silent, but at times when disturbed from its repose, its wings may be heard to smite together . The goat sucker, or, to use perhaps its commoner English name, nightjar,' passes the day in slumber, crouching on the ground or perching on a tree—in the latter case sitting not across the branch but lengthways, with its head lower than its body . In hot weather, however, its song may sometimes be heard by day and even at noontide, but it is then uttered, as it were, drowsily, and without the vigour that characterizes its crepuscular or nocturnal performance . Towards evening the bird becomes active, and it seems to pursue its prey throughout the night uninterruptedly, or only occasionally pausing for a few seconds to alight on a bare spot—a pathway or road—and then resuming its career . It is one of the few birds that absolutely make no nest, but lays its pair of beautifully-marbled eggs on the ground, generally where the herbage is short, and often actually on the soil . So light is it that the act of brooding, even where there is some vegetable growth, produces no visible depression of the grass, moss or lichens on which the eggs rest, and the finest sand equally fails to exhibit a trace of the parental act . Yet scarcely any bird shows greater local attachment, and the precise site chosen one year is almost certain to be occupied the next . The young, covered when hatched with dark-spotted down, are not easily found, nor are they more easily discovered on becoming fledged, for their plumage almost entirely resembles that of the adults, being a mixture of reddish-brown, grey and black, blended and mottled in a manner that passes description . They soon attain their full size and power of flight, and then take to the same manner of life as their parents .

In autumn all leave their summer haunts for the

south, but the exact time of their departure has hardly been ascertained . The habits of the nightjar, as thus described, seem to be more or less essentially those of the whole subfamily—the differences observable being apparently less than are found in other groups of birds of similar extent . A second species of goatsucker (C. ruficollis), which is some-what larger, and has the neck distinctly marked with rufous, is a summer visitant to the south-western parts of Europe, and especially to-Spain and Portugal . The occurrence of a single example of this bird at Killingworth, near Newcastle-on-Tyne, in October 1856, has been recorded by Mr Hancock (Ibis, 1862, p . 39); but the season of its appearance argues the probability of its being but a casual straggler from its proper home . Many other species of Caprimulgus inhabit Africa, Asia and their islands, while one (C. macrurus) is found in Australia . Very nearly allied to this genus is Antrostomus, an American group containing many species, of which the chuck-will's-widow (A. carolinensis) and the whip-poor-will (A. vociferus) of the eastern United States (the latter also reaching Canada) are familiar examples . Both these birds take their common name from the cry they utter, and their habits seem to be almost identical, with those of the old world goatsuckers . Passing over some other forms which need not here be mentioned, the genus Nyctidromus, though consisting of only one species (N. albicollis) which inhabits Central and part of South America, requires remark, since it has tarsi of sufficient length to enable it to run swiftly on the ground, while the legs of most birds of the family are so short that they can ' Other English names of the bird are evejar, fern-owl, churn-owl and wheel-bird—the last from the bird's song resembling the noise made by a spinning-wheel in motion.make but a shuffling progress . Heleothreptes, with the unique form of wing possessed by the male, needs mention . Notice must also be taken of two African species, referred by some ornithologists to as many genera (Macrodipteryx and Cosmetornis), though probably one genus would suffice for both . The .males of each of them are characterized by the wonderful development of the ninth primary in either wing, which reaches in fully adult specimens the extraordinary length of 17 in. or more .

The former of these birds, the Caprimulgus macrodipterus of

Adam Afzelius, is considered to belong to the west coast of Africa, and the shaft of the elongated remiges is bare for the greater part of its length, retaining the web, in a spatulate form, only near the tip . The latter, to which the specific name of vexillarius was given by John Gould, has been found on the east coast of that continent, and is reported to have occurred in Madagascar and Socotra . In this the remigial streamers do not lose their barbs, and as a few of the next quills are also to some extent elongated, the bird, when flying, is said to look as though it had four wings . Specimens of both are rare in collections, and no traveller seems to have had the opportunity of studying the habits of either so as to suggest a reason for this marvellous sexual development . The second group of Caprimulgidae, those which are but poorly or not at all furnished with rictal bristles, contains about five genera, of which we may particularize Lyncornis of the old world and Chordiles of the new . The species of the former are remarkable for the tuft of feathers which springs from each side of the head, above and behind the ears, so as to give the bird an appearance like some of thq " horned " owls—those of the genus Scops, for example; and remarkable as it is to find certain forms of two families, so distinct as are the Strigidae and the Caprimulgidae, resembling each other in this singular external feature, it is yet more remarkable to note that in some groups of the latter, as in some of the former, a very curious kind of dimorphism takes place . In either case this has been frequently asserted to be sexual, but on that point doubt may fairly be entertained . Certain it is that in some groups of goatsuckers, as in some groups of owls, individuals of the same species are found in plumage of two entirely different hues—rufous and grey . The only explanation as yet offered of this fact is that the difference is sexual, but evidence to that effect is conflicting . It must not, however, be supposed that this common feature, any more than that of the existence of tufted forms in each group, indicates any close relationship between them . The resemblances may be due to the same causes, concerning which future observers may possibly enlighten us, but at present we must regard them as analogies, not homologies . The species of Lyncornis inhabit the Malay Archipelago, one, however, occurring also in China .

Of Chordiles the best-known species is the night-

hawk of North America (C. virginianus or C. popetue), which has a wide range from Canada to Brazil . Others are found in the Antilles and in South America . The general habits of all these birds agree with those of the typical goatsuckers . We have next to consider the birds forming the genus Podargus and those allied to it, whether they be regarded as a distinct family, or as a subfamily of Caprimulgidae . As above stated, they have feet constructed as those of birds normally are, and their sternum seems to present the constant though comparatively trivial difference of having its posterior margin elongated into two pairs of processes, while only one pair is found in the true goatsuckers . Podargus includes the bird (P. cuvieri) known from its cry as morepork to the Tasmanians,2 and several other species, the number of which is doubtful, from Australia and N6'w Guinea . They have comparatively powerful bills, and it would seem feed to some extent on fruits and berries, though they mainly subsist on insects, chiefly Cicadae and Phasmidae .. They also differ from the true goatsuckers in having the outer toes partially reversible, and they build a flat nest on the horizontal branch of a tree for the reception of their eggs, which are of a spotless white . Apparently allied to Podargus, but differing 2 In New Zealand, however, this name is given to an owl (Sceloglaux novae-zelandiae) . among other respects in its mode of nidification, is Aegotheles, which belongs also to the Australian sub-region; and farther to the northward, extending throughout the Malay Archipelago and into India, comes Batrachostomus, wherein we again meet with species having aural tufts somewhat like Lyncornis . The Podarginae are thought by some to be represented in the new world by the genus Nyclibius, of which several species occur from the Antilles and Central America to Brazil . Finally, it may be stated that none of the Caprimulgidae seem to occur in Polynesia or in New Zealand, though there is scarcely any other part of the world suited to their habits in which members of the family are not found .

(A .