See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

GODFREY OF See also:

• BOUILLON

BOUILLON (c. ro6o-11oo)  , a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the First Crusade, was the second son of Eustace II., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne, by his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida, daughter of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• GODFREY, SIR EDMUND BERRY (1621-1678)

Godfrey II. of See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . He was designated by Duke Godfrey as his successor; but the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. gave him only the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, in which the lordship of See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon was included (1076) . He fought for Henry, however, both on the See also:

• ELSTER

Elster and in the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; and he was invested in 1082 with the duchy of Lower Lorraine . Lorraine had been penetrated by Cluniac influences, and Godfrey would seem to have been a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of notable piety . Accordingly, though he had himself served as an imperialist, and though the Germans in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general had little sympathy with the Crusaders (subsannabant . . . quasi delirantes), Romances.—Godfrey was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of two See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French chansons de geste dealing with the Crusade, the Chanson d' A ntioche (ed . P . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 2 vols., 1848) and the Chanson de See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (ed . C . Hippeau, 1868), and other poems, containing less See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical i An " See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate " was a layman who had been invested with See also:

• PART

part of an ecclesiastic See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that he defended the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, and exercised the See also:

• BLOOD

blood-See also:

• BAN

ban in lieu of the ecclesiastical owner (see ADVOCATE, sec . Advocatus ecclesiae) . Godfrey, nevertheless, when the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call came " to follow See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ;" almost literally sold all that he had, and followed .

Along with his See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Eustace and See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin (the future Baldwin I. of Jerusalem) he led a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German contingent, some 40,000 strong, along`"See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne's road," through See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, starting in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August Io96, and arriving at Constantinople, after some difficulties in Hungary, in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . He was the first of the crusading princes to arrive, and on him See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of deciding what the relations of the princes to the eastern emperor Alexius were to be . Eventually, after several disputes and some fighting, he did See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to Alexius in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1097; and his example was followed by the other princes . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time until the beginning of 1099 Godfrey appears as one of the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor princes, plodding onwards, and steadily fighting, while men like See also:

• BOHEMUND

Bohemund and See also:

• RAYMUND

Raymund, Baldwin and See also:

• TANCRED (d. 1112)
• TANCRED (d. 1194)

Tancred were determining the course of events . In Io99 he came once more to the front . The See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of the crusaders became weary of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political factions which divided some of their leaders; and Godfrey, who was more of a See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim than a politician, becomes the natural representative of this feeling . He was thus able to force the reluctant Raymund to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march southward to Jerusalem; and he took a prominent part in the siege, his See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division being the first to enter when the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was captured . It was natural therefore that, when Raymund of See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence refused the offered dignity, Godfrey should be elected ruler of Jerusalem (See also:

• JULY

July 22, 1099) . He assumed the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title not of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, but of " advocate " I of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre . The new dignity proved still more onerous than See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable; and during his See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short reign of a See also:

• YEAR

year Godfrey had to combat the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, and the opposition of Raymund and the See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch Dagobert . He was successful in repelling the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian attack at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• ASCALON

Ascalon (August Io99); but he failed, owing to Raymund's obstinacy and greed, to acquire the See also:

• TOWN

town of Ascalon after the battle . See also:

• LEFT

Left alone, at the end of the autumn, with an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of some 2000 men, Godfrey was yet able, in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of I Too, probably with the aid of new pilgrims, to exact See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute from towns like See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre, Ascalon, See also:

• ARSUF

Arsuf and Caesarea .

But already, at the end of 1099 Dagobert, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa, had been substituted as patriarch for See also:

• ARNULF (c. 850-899)

Arnulf (who had been acting as See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar) by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Bohemund; and Dagobert, whose See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal Godfrey had at once piously acknowledged himself, seems to have forced him to an agreement in See also:

• APRIL

April I roo, by which he promised Jerusalem and Jaffa to the patriarch, in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he should acquire in their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo or some other town, or should See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die without issue . Thus were the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of a See also:

• THEOCRACY (Gr. Oeoeparia, the rule of God, from Oebr, god, and -Kparca, Kpare v, to rule)

theocracy laid in Jerusalem; and when Godfrey died (July 'too) he left the question to be decided, whether a theocracy or a See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy should be the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Holy See also:

• LAND

Land . Because he had been the first ruler in Jerusalem Godfrey was idolized in later See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

saga . He was depicted as the leader of the See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades, the king of Jerusalem, the legislator who laid down the assizes of Jerusalem . He was none of these things . Bohemund was the leader of the crusades; Baldwin was first king; the assizes were the result of a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual development . In still other ways was the figure of Godfrey idealized by the grateful tradition of later days; but in reality he would seem to have been a quiet, pious, hard-fighting See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight, who was chosen to See also:

• RULE

rule in Jerusalem because he had no dangerous qualities, and no obvious defects . material, were subsequently added . In addition the parentage and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early exploits of Godfrey were made the subject of See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend . His grandfather was said to be Helias, knight of the See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

Swan, one of the brothers whose adventures are well known, though with some variation, in the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale of "The Seven Swans." Helias, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by the swan, one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day disembarked at See also:

• NIJMWEGEN, NIMEGUEN, NYMEGEN

Nijmwegen, and reconquered her territory for the duchess of Bouillon . Marrying her daughter he exacted a promise that his wife should not inquire into his origin . The tale, which is almost identical with the See also:

• LOHENGRIN

Lohengrin legend, belongs to the class of the See also:

• CUPID (Cupido, " desire ")

Cupid and See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche narratives .

See LOHENGRIN . See also C . Hippeau, Le See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier au cygne (Paris, 2 vols., 1874–1877); H . Pigeonneau, Le See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

Cycle de la croisade et de la famille de Bouillon (1877) ; W . Golther, " Lohengrin," in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman . Forsch . (vol. v., 1889); Hist. lift. de la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, vol. xxii. pp . 350-402; the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ROMANCE

romance of Helyas, Knyghte of the Swanne.was printed by W . See also:

• COPLAND, ROBERT (fi. 1515)

Copland about 1550 .