See also:

• GOLDEN

GOLDEN See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

BULL (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Bulla Aurea)  , the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general designation of any See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter decorated with a See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal or bulla, either owing to the See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic importance of its contents, or to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and dignity of the bestower or the recipient . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of thus giving distinction to certain documents is said to be of See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine origin, though if this be the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case it is somewhat See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange that the word employed as an See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent for golden See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull in Byzantine See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek should be the hybrid xpva6%3ovXXov (cf . See also:

• CODINUS, GEORGE[GEORGIOS KODINOS]

Codinus Curopalates, 6 ,u&yas AoyoBETrls 6taT(iTTed Ta 'Tapia Tou /3aosXiws 6m-See also:

• OAR (A.S. kr; M. Eng. ore; Lat. remus; Gr. iperw5s : Sans. aritra; Fr. rame; Ital. Span., Port. Yana)

oar e)Xoµeva arpovTayµaTa Kai xpvo•o(3ovXl^a irpos 're Piyas, ZoOeravas, icai Tolrapxovs; and See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Comnena, Alexiad, See also:

• LIB

lib . xpviro0ovXiov A6yov; lib. viii., xpvvodovXov X6yov) . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany a Golden Bull is mentioned under the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I. the See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler in Chronica Cassin. ii . 31, and the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German example, if it be genuine, See also:

• DATES

dates from 983 . At first the golden seal was formed after the type of a solid See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin, but at a later date, while the golden See also:

• SURFACE

surface presented to the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye was greatly increased, the seal was really composed of two thin See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal plates filled in with See also:

• WAX

wax . The number of golden bulls issued by the imperial See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery must have been very .large; the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, for example, preserves no fewer than eight . The name, however, has become practically restricted to a few documents of unusual See also:

• POLITICAL

political importance, the golden bull of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, the golden bull of . See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant, the golden bull of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and the golden bull of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan—and of these the first is undoubtedly the Golden Bull See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object of the Golden Bull was to provide a set of rules for the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the German See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, or kings of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, as they are called in this document . Since the informal See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the electoral See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college about a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century before (see See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

ELECTORS), various disputes had taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place about the right of certain princes to See also:

• VOTE

vote at the elections, these and other difficulties having arisen owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of any authoritative ruling .

The spiritual electors, it is true, had exercised their votes without See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge, but far_ different was the case of the temporal electors . The families ruling in See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria had been divided into two main branches and, as the German states had not yet accepted the principles of See also:

• PRIMOGENITURE

primogeniture, it was uncertain which member of the divided See also:

• FAMILY

family should vote . Thus, both the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince ruling in See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• LAUENBURG

Lauenburg and the prince ruling in Saxe-See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg claimed the vote, and the two branches of the family of See also:

• WITTELSBACH

Wittelsbach, one settled in Bavaria and the other in the Rhenish See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

palatinate, were similarly at variance, while the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Bavaria also claimed the vote at the expense of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Bohemia . Moreover, there had been several disputed and See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double elections to the German See also:

• CROWN

crown during the past century . In more than one instance a prince, chosen by a minority of the electors, had claimed to exercise the functions of king, and as often See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war had been the result . Under these circumstances the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV. determined by an whatever that the election of a king needs See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation from the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . The Golden Bull was thus a See also:

• GREAT

great victory for the electors, but it weakened the position of the German king and was a distinct humiliation for the other princes and for the cities . The status of those rulers who did not obtain the electoral See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was lowered by this very fact, and the regulations about the Pfahlburger, together with the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of new leagues and associations, struck a severe See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at the cities . The German kings were elected according to the conditions laid down in the bull until the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the Empire in 18o6 . At first the document was known simply as the Lex Carolina; but gradually the name of the See also:

• BOOK

Book with the Golden Bull came into use, and the See also:

• PRESENT

present elliptical See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title was sufficiently established by 1417 to be officially employed in a charter by King See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original auto-graph was committed to the care of the elector of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, and it was preserved in the archives at Mainz till 1789 . See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

Official transcripts were probably furnished to each of the seven electors at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the promulgation, and before See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long many of the other members of the Empire secured copies for themselves., The transcript which belonged to the elector of See also:

• TRIER (French Troves)

Trier is preserved in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state archives at See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, that of the elector of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne in the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court library at See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, and that of the king of Bohemia in the imperial archives at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna .

See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden also boast the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of an electoral transcript; and the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• KITZINGEN

Kitzingen has a contemporary copy in its municipal archives . There appears, however, to be See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to doubt the genuineness of most of these so-called original transcripts . But perhaps the best known example is that of Frankfort-on-Main, which was procured from the imperial chancery in 1366, and is adorned with a golden seal like the original . Not only was it regularly quoted as the indubitable authority in regard to the election of the emperors in Frankfort itself, but it was from time to time officially consulted by members of the authoritative pronouncement to make such proceedings impossible in the future, and at the same time to add to his own See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige, especially in his capacity as king of Bohemia . Having arranged various disputes in Germany, and having in See also:

• APRIL

April 1355 secured his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, Charles gave instructions for the bull to be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up . It is uncertain who is responsible for its actual See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . The See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour has been assigned to Bartolo of Sassoferrato, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa and See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia, to the imperial secretary, See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph of See also:

• FRIEDBERG

Friedberg, and even to the emperor himself, but there is no valid authority for giving it to any one of the three in preference to the others . In its first See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the bull was promulgated at the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1356, but it was not accepted by the princes until some modifications had been introduced, and in its final form it was issued at the diet of See also:

• METZ

Metz on the 25th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December following . The See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the Golden Bull consists of a See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue and of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-one chapters . Some lines of See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse invoking the aid of Almighty See also:

• GOD

God are followed by a rhetorical statement of the evils which arise from discord and See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, illustrations being taken from See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam, who was divided from obedience and thus See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, and from See also:

• HELEN

Helen of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy who was divided from her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early chapters are mainly concerned with details of the elaborate ceremonies which are to be observed on the occasion of an election . The number of electors is fixed at seven, the duke of Saxe-Wittenberg, not the duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, receiving the Saxon vote, and the See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine, not the duke of Bavaria, obtaining the vote of the Wittelsbachs .

The electors were arranged in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence thus: the archbishops of Mainz, of Trier and of Cologne, the king of Bohemia, qui inter electores laicos ex regiae dignitatis fastigio jure el merito oblinet primatiam, the count palatine of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, the duke of Saxony and the See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg . The three archbishops were respectively See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-chancellors of the three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal divisions of the Empire, Germany,' See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and the four See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular electors each held an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in the imperial See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, the functions of which they were expected to See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge on great occasions . The king of Bohemia was the arch-cupbearer, the count palatine was the arch-steward (dapifer), the duke of Saxony was arch-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, and the margrave of Brandenburg was arch-See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain . The See also:

• WORK

work of summoning the electors and of presiding over their deliberations fell to the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Mainz, but if he failed to discharge this See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty the electors were to assemble without See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons within three months of the See also:

• DEATH

death of a king . Elections were to be held at Frankfort; they were to be decided by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of votes, and the subsequent coronation at See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle was to be performed by the archbishop of Cologne . During a vacancy in the Empire the work of administering the greater See also:

• PART

part of Germany was entrusted to the count palatine of the Rhine, the duke of Saxony being responsible, however, for the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Saxony, or rather for the districts ubi Saxonica See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

jura servantur . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief result of the bull was to add greatly to the power of the electors; for, to quote See also:

• BRYCE, JAMES (1838- )

Bryce (See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Empire), it " confessed and legalized the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the electors and the powerlessness of the crown." To these princes were given See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign rights in their dominions, which were declared in-divisible and were to pass according to the See also:

• RULE

rule of primogeniture . Except in extreme cases, there was to be no See also:

• APPEAL

appeal from the sentences of their tribunals, and they were confirmed in the right of coining See also:

• MONEY

money, of taking tolls, and in other privileges, while conspirators against their lives were to suffer the penalties of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . One clause gave See also:

• SPECIAL

special rights and immunities to the king of Bohemia, who, it must be remembered, at this time was Charles himself, and others enjoined the observance of the public See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

Provision was made for an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the electors, to be held at Metz four See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after See also:

• EASTER

Easter, when matters See also:

• PRO

pro bono et salute communi were to be discussed . This arrangement, however, was not carried out, although the electors met occasion-ally . Another clause forbade the cities to receive Pfahlbiirger, i.e. forbade them to take men dwelling outside their walls under their See also:

• PROTECTION

protection .

It may be noted that there is no See also:

• ADMISSION

admission Empire . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript consists of 43 leaves of See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment of See also:

• MEDIUM

medium quality, each measuring about foe in. in height by 7e in breadth . -The seal is of the See also:

• PLATE

plate and wax type . On the obverse appears a figure of the emperor seated on his See also:

• THRONE

throne, with the See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre in his right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and the globe in his See also:

• LEFT

left; a See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield, with the crowned imperial See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, occupies the space on the one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the throne, and a corresponding shield, with the crowned Bohemian See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion with two tails, occupies the space on the other side; and See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the margin runs the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, Karolus quartus diving favente dementia, Romanorum imperator See also:

• SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803–1879)

semper See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus et Boemiae rex . On the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse is a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, with the words Aurea See also:

• ROMA

Roma on the See also:

• GATE

gate, and the circumscription reads, Roma ca put mundi regit orbis frena rotundi . The original Latin text of the bull was printed at Nuremberg by See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Creussner in 1474, and a second edition by Anthonius Kohurger (d . 1532) appeared at the same place in 1477 . Since that time it has been frequently reprinted from various See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts and collections . M . Goldast gave the Palatine text, compared with those of Bohemia and Frankfort, in his Collectio constitutionum et legum imperialium (Frankfort, 1613) . Another is to be found in De comitiis imperii of O . Panvinius, and a third, of unknown See also:

• HISTORY

history, is prefixed to the Codex recessuum Imperil (Mainz, 1599, and again 1615) .

The Frankfort text appeared in 1742 as Aurea Bulla secundum exemplar originate Frankfurtense, edited by W . C . Maltz, and the text is also found in J . J . Schmauss, Corpus See also:

• JURIS

juris publici, edited by R. von Hommel (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1794), and in the Ausgewahlte Urkunden zur Erlauterung der Verfassungsgeschichte Deutschlands See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mittelalter, edited by W . Altmann and E . Bernheim (Berlin, 1891, and again 1895): German See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations, none of which, however, had any official authority, were published at Nuremberg about 1474, at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1476, and at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg in 1485 . Among the earlier commentators on the document are H.Canisius and J . Lim naeus who wrote In A uream Bullam (Strassb urg, 1662) . The student will find a good See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the older literature on the subject in C . G . Biener's Commenta'rii de origine et progressu legum juriumque Germaniae (1787-1795) .

See also J . D. von Olenschlager, Neue Erlauterungen der.Guldenen Bulle (Frankfort and Leipzig, 1766) ; H . G. von Thulemeyer, De Bulla Aurea, Argentea, &c . ' (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1682) ; J . St Putter, Historische Entwickelung der heutigen Staatsverfassung See also:

• DES

des teutschen Reichs (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1786-1787), and O . Stobbe, Geschichte der deutschen Rechtsquellen (Bruns-See also:

• WICK

wick, 186o-1864) . Among the more See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORKS

works may be mentioned: E . Nerger, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Goldne Bulle nach ihrem Ursprung (Gottingen, 1877), O . See also:

• HAHN, AUGUST (1792–1863)

Hahn, Ursprung and Bedeutung der Goldnen See also:

• BUTTE
• BUTTE (O. Fr. butte, a hillock or rising ground)

Butte (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1903); and M . G . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, Die staatsrechtliche Anwendung der Goldnen Butte (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1894) . There is a valuable contribution to the subject in the puellensammlung zur Geschichte der deutschen Reichsvefassung, edited See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

fry K .

Zeumer (Leipzig,':19o4), and another by O . See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack in his Das Kurfursten Kollegium bis zur Mitte des I4ten Jahrhunderts (See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, t 883) . There is an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the bull in E . F . See also:

• HENDERSON
• HENDERSON, ALEXANDER (1583-1646)
• HENDERSON, EBENEZER (1784-1858)
• HENDERSON, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT (1854-1903)
• HENDERSON, JOHN (1747-1785)

Henderson's Select See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Documents of the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1903) . (A . W . H.*) GOLDEN-EYE, a name indiscriminately given in many parts of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain to two very distinct See also:

• SPECIES

species of ducks, from the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich yellow See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of their irides . The commonest of them—the Antis fuligula of See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus and Fuligula cristata of most modern ornithologists—is, however, usually called by English writers the tufted See also:

• DUCK

duck, while " golden-eye " is reserved in books for the A. clangula and A. glaucion of Linnaeus, who did not know that the birds he so named were but examples of the same species, differing only in See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age or See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex; and to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day many fowlers perpetuate a like See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake, deeming the " See also:

• MORILLON

Morillon," which is the See also:

• FEMALE

female or See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young male, distinct from the " Golden-eye " or Rattle-wings " (as from its noisy See also:

• FLIGHT

flight they oftener See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it), which is the adult male . This species belongs to the See also:

• GROUP

group known as diving ducks, and is the type of the very well-marked genus C / tngula of later systematists, which, among other See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences, has the posterior end of the sternum prolonged so as to extend considerably over, and, we may not unreasonably suppose, protect the belly—a See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character possessed in a still greater degree by the mergansers (Merginae), while the See also:

• MALES

males also exhibit in the extraordinarily See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed bony See also:

• LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

labyrinth of their trachea and its midway enlargement another resemblance to the members of the same subfamily . The golden-eye, C. glaucion of modern writers, has its See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern parts of both hemispheres, whence in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter it migrates southward; but as it is one of the ducks that constantly resorts to hollow trees for the purpose of breeding it hardly. transcends the limit of the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic forests on either See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . So well known is this See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of the northern districts of Scandinavia, that they very commonly devise artificial See also:

• NEST

nest-boxes for its See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation and their own profit .

Hollow logs, of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood are prepared, the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and bottom closed, and a hole cut in the side . These are affixed to the trunks of living trees in suitable places, at a convenient distance from the ground, and, being readily occupied by the birds in the breeding-See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, are regularly robbed, first of the numerous eggs, and finally of the down they contain, by those who have set them up . The adult male golden-eye is a very beautiful See also:

• BIRD

bird, mostly See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black above, but with the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, which is slightly crested, reflecting rich See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

lights, a large See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white patch under each ,eye and elongated white scapulars; the See also:

• LOWER

lower parts are wholly white and the feet See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, except the webs, which are dusky . In the female and young male, dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown replaces the black, the cheek-spots are indistinct and the elongated white sc.lhulars wanting . The golden-eye of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America has been by some authors deemed to differ, and has been named C. an-ricana, but apparently on insufficient grounds . North lmerica. however, has, in See also:

• COMMON

common with See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, a very distinct sn, cics . C. islandica, often called See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow's duck, which is but a rare straggler to the continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and never, so far as known, to Britain . In Iceland and See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland it is the only habitual representative of the genus, and it occurs from thence to the Rocky Mountains . In breeding-habits it differs from the commoner species, not placing its eggs in See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-holes; but how far this difference is voluntary may be doubted, for in the countries it frequents trees are wanting . It is a larger and stouter bird, and in the male the white cheek-patches take a more crescentic form, while the head is glossed with See also:

• PURPLE

purple rather than green, and the white scapulars are not elongated . The New See also:

• WORLD

World also possesses a third and still more beautiful species of the genus in C. albeola, known in books as the See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff el-headed duck, and to See also:

• AMERICAN

American fowlers as the " spirit-duck " and " See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter-See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball " —the former name being applied from its rapidity in diving, and the latter from its exceeding fatness in autumn' . This is of small See also:

• SIZE

size, but the lustre of the feathers in the male is most brilliant., exhibiting a deep See also:

• PLUM

plum-coloured See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss on the head .

It breeds in trees, and is supposed to have occurred more than once in Britain . (A .