See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

GEORGE DASHWOOD TAUBMAN See also:

• SIR GEORGE DASHWOOD TAUBMAN GOLDIE (1846– )

GOLDIE (1846– )  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, the founder of See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the loth of May 1846 at the Nunnery in the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man, being the youngest son of Lieut.-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Taubman See also:

• GOLDIE, SIR GEORGE DASHWOOD TAUBMAN (1846– )

Goldie-Taubman, See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Keys, by his second wife See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline, daughter of John E . Hoveden of Hemingford, See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George resumed his paternal name, Goldie, by royal See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence in 1887 . He was educated at the Royal Military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich, and for about two years held a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the Royal See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers . He travelled in all parts of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, gaining an extensive knowledge of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, and first visited the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger in 1877 . He conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of adding to the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the then little known regions of the See also:

• LOWER

lower and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle Niger, and for over twenty years his efforts were devoted to the realization of this conception . The method by which he determined to See also:

• WORK

work was the revival of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government by chartered companies within the empire—a method supposed to be buried with the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company . The first step was to combine all British commercial interests in the Niger, and this he accomplished in 1879 when the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• AFRICAN

African Company was formed . In 1881 Goldie sought a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from the imperial government (the 2nd See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry) . Objections of various kinds were raised . To meet them the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the company (renamed the See also:

• NATIONAL

National African Company) was increased from £125,000 to 1,000,000, and See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy was displayed in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding stations on the Niger . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French traders, encouraged by See also:

• GAMBETTA, LEON (1838-1882)

Gambetta, established themselves on the lower See also:

• RIVER

river, thus rendering it difficult for the company to obtain territorial rights; but the Frenchmen were bought out in 1884, so that at the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference on See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Africa in 1885 Mr Goldie, See also:

• PRESENT

present as an See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert on matters See also:

• RELATING

relating to the river, was able to announce that on the lower Niger the British See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag alone flew .

Meantime the Niger See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast See also:

• LINE

line had been placed under British See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . Through See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson, See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David McIntosh, D . W . See also:

• SARGENT, JOHN SINGER (1856– )

Sargent, J . See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace, E . See also:

• DANGERFIELD, THOMAS (c. 1650-1685)

Dangerfield and numerous other agents, over 400 See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• TREATIES

treaties—See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by Goldie—were made with the chiefs of the lower Niger and the See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa states . The scruples of the British government being overcome, a charter was at length granted (See also:

• JULY

July 1886), the National African Company becoming the Royal Niger Company, with See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• ABERDARE
• ABERDARE, HENRY AUSTIN BRUCE

Aberdare as See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and Goldie as See also:

• VICE

vice-governor . In 1895, on Lord Aberdare's See also:

• DEATH

death, Goldie became governor of the company, whose destinies he had guided throughout . The See also:

• BUILDING

building up of Nigeria as a British See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had to be carried on in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of further difficulties raised by French travellers with political See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions, and also in face of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German opposition . From 1884 to 1890, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• BISMARCK
• BISMARCK, OTTO EDUARD LEOPOLD VON, PRINCE

Bismarck was a persistent antagonist, and the strenuous efforts he made to secure for See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the lower Niger and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad were even more dangerous to Goldie's schemes of empire than the ambitions of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Herr E . R .

See also:

• FLEGEL, EDWARD ROBERT (1855-1886)

Flegel, who had travelled in Nigeria during 1882-1884 under the auspices of the British company, was sent out in 1885 by the newly-formed German Colonial Society to secure treaties for Germany, which had established itself at Cameroon . After Flegel's death in 1886 his work was continued by his See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion Dr Staudinger, while Herr Hoenigsberg was despatched to stir up trouble in the occupied portions of the Company's territory,—or, as he expressed it, " to burst up the charter." He was finally arrested at Onitsha, and, after trial by the company's supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at Asaba, was expelled the country . Prince Bismarck then sent out his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, Herr von Puttkamer, as German See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to Nigeria, with orders to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report on this affair, and when this report was published in a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• BOOK

Book, Bismarck demanded heavy See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages from the company . Meanwhile Bismarck maintained See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant pressure on the British government to compel the Royal Niger Company to a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, where-by Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain would have lost a third, and the most valuable See also:

• PART

part, of the company's territory . But he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1890, and in July following Lord See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury concluded the famous " See also:

• HELIGOLAND (Ger. Helgoland)

Heligoland " agreement with Germany . After this event the aggressive See also:

• ACTION

action of Germany in Nigeria entirely ceased, and the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door was opened for a final See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of the Nigeria-Cameroon frontiers . These negotiations, which resulted in an agreement in 1893, were initiated by Goldie as a means of arresting the advance of France into Nigeria from the direction of the See also:

• CONGO

Congo . By conceding to Germany a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long but narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip of territory between See also:

• ADAMAWA

Adamawa and Lake Chad, to which she had no treaty claims, a barrier was raised against French expeditions, semi-military and semi-exploratory, which sought to enter Nigeria from the east . Later French efforts at aggression were made from the western or Dahomeyan See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, despite an agreement concluded with France in 1890 respecting the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern frontier . The hostility of certain See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

Fula princes led the company to despatch, in 1897, an expedition against the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan states of See also:

• NUPE

Nupe and See also:

• ILLORIN

Illorin . This expedition was organized and personally directed by Goldie and was completely successful . See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was thus secured, but in the following See also:

• YEAR

year the See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences with France in regard to the frontier line became acute, and compelled the intervention of the British government .

In the negotiations which ensued Goldie was instrumental in preserving for Great Britain the whole of the navigable stretch of the lower Niger . It was, however, evidently impossible for a chartered company to hold its own against the state-supported protectorates of France and Germany, and in consequence, on the 1st of Januaty 1900, the Royal Niger Company transferred its territories to the British government for the sum of £865,000 . The ceded territory together with the small Niger Coast See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate, already under imperial See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, was formed into the two protectorates of northern and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Nigeria (see further NIGERIA) . In 1903-1904, at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the Chartered Company of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Africa, Goldie visited See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia and examined the situation in connexion with the agitation for self-government by the, Rhodesians . In 1902-1903 he was one of the royal commissioners who inquired into the military preparations for the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in South Africa (1899-1902) and into the operations up to the occupation of See also:

• PRETORIA

Pretoria, and in 1905-1906 was a member of the royal commission which investigated the methods of disposal of war stores after peace had been made . In 1905 he was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Royal See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society and held that See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for three years . •In 1908 he was chosen an See also:

• ALDERMAN (from A.-S. ealdorman, compounded of the comparative degree of the adjective eald, old, and man)

alderman of the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council . Goldie was created K.C.M.G. in 1887, and a privy councillor in 1898 . He became an F.R.S., honorary D.C.L. of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford University (1897) and honorary LL.D. of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge (1897) . He married in 187o See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine (d . 1898), daughter of John William See also:

• ELLIOTT, EBENEZER (1781–1849)

Elliott of See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield .