atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight 195.7 See also:

• GOLD
• atomic weight 195.7 GOLD [symbol Au (H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

GOLD [See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol Au (H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]  , a metallic chemical See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, valued from the earliest ages on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the permanency of its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and lustre . See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold ornaments of See also:

• GREAT

great variety and elaborate workmanship have been discovered on sites belonging to the earliest known civilizations; Minoan, See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian, See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan (see See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

JEWELRY, See also:

• PLATE

PLATE, See also:

• EGYPT

EGYPT, See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

CRETE, See also:

• AEGEAN

AEGEAN See also:

• CIVILIZATION

CIVILIZATION, See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

NUMISMATICS), and in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient literature gold is the universal See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol of the highest purity and value (cf. passages in the Old Testament, e.g . Ps. xix. ro " More to be desired are they than gold, yea, than much See also:

• FINE

fine gold ") . With regard to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the metallurgy of gold, it may be mentioned that, according to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury was employed in his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time both as a means of separating the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals and for the purposes of See also:

• GILDING

gilding . See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius also gives a detailed account of the means of recovering gold, by amalgamation, from See also:

• CLOTH

cloth into which it had been See also:

• WOVEN

woven . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Properties:—Gold has a characteristic yellow colour, which is, however, notably affected by small quantities of other metals; thus the tint is sensibly lowered by small quantities of See also:

• SILVER

silver, and heightened by See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper . When the gold is finely divided, as in " See also:

• PURPLE

purple of See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius," or when it is precipitated from solutions, the colour is See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby-red, while in very thin leaves it transmits a greenish See also:

• LIGHT

light . It is nearly as soft as See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and softer than silver . When pure, it is the most malleable of all metals (see See also:

• GOLDBEATING

GOLDBEATING) . It is also extremely ductile; a single See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain may be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn into a See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire 500 ft. in length, and an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce of gold covering a silver wire is capable of being extended more than 1300 M . The presence of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute quantities of See also:

• CADMIUM (symbol Cd, atomic weight 112.4 (0=16))

cadmium, lead, See also:

• BISMUTH

bismuth, See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony, See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, See also:

• TELLURIUM [Symbol Te, atomic weight 127.5 (0=16)]

tellurium and See also:

• ZINC

zinc rendersgold brittle, --y-oth See also:

• PART

part of one of the three metals first named being sufficient to produce that quality . Gold can be readily welded See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold; the finely divided See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in which it is precipitated from See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution, may be compressed between See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies into disks or medals .

The specific gravity of gold obtained by precipitation from solution by ferrous sulphate is from 19.55 to 20.72 . The specific gravity of See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast gold varies from 18.29 to 19.37, and by See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression between dies the specific gravity may be raised from 19.37 to 19.41; by See also:

• ANNEALING, HARDENING AND

annealing, however, the previous See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density is to some extent recovered, as it is then found to be 19.40 . The melting-point has been variously given, the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early values ranging from 1425° C. to 1035° C . Using improved methods, C . T . Heycock and F . H . See also:

• NEVILLE, GEORGE (c. 1432-1476)
• NEVILLE, or NEVILL
• NEVILLE, RALPH (d. 1244)

Neville determined it to be Io61'7° C.; See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN PIERRE EUGENE (1827–1907)

Berthelot gives Io64° C., while Jaquerod and See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot give 1066.1-1067.4° C . At still higher temperatures it volatilizes, forming a reddish vapour . Macquer and See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier showed that when gold is strongly heated, fumes arise which gild a piece of silver held in them . Its volatility has also been studied by L . Elsner, and, in the presence of other metals, by See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier and others .

The volatility is barely appreciable at Io75°; at 125o° it is four times as much as at ruoo°° . Copper and zinc increase the volatility far more than lead, while the greatest volatility is induced, according to T . See also:

• KIRKE, PERCY (c. 1646-1691)

Kirke See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose, by tellurium . It has also been shown that gold volatilizes when a gold-See also:

• AMALGAM

amalgam is distilled . Gold is dissipated by sending a powerful See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity through it when in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf or thin wire . The electric conductivity is given by A . Matthiessen as 73 at o° C., pure silver being See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo; the value of this coefficient depends greatly on the purity of the metal, the presence of a few thousandths of silver lowering it by Io% . Its conductivity for See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat has been variously given as Io3 (C . M . Despretz), 98 (F . Crace-See also:

• CALVERT
• CALVERT, FREDERICK CRACE (1819–1873)
• CALVERT, SIR HARRY, BART

Calvert and R . See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson), and 6o (G .

H . See also:

• WIEDEMANN, GUSTAV HEINRICH (1826-1899)

Wiedemann and R . See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz), pure silver being loo . Its specific heat is between 0.0298 (See also:

• DULONG, PIERRE LOUIS (1785—1838)

Dulong and See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit) and 0.03244 (See also:

• REGNAULT, HENRI (1843-1871)
• REGNAULT, HENRI VICTOR (1810-1878)
• REGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1754-1829)

Regnault) . Its coefficient of expansion for each degree between o° and roo° C. is 0.0000r466,, or for gold which has been annealed 0.000015136 (See also:

• LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON, MARQUIS DE (1749—1827)

Laplace and Lavoisier) . The spark spectrum of gold has been mapped by A . See also:

• KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT (1824-1887)
• KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF (1826-1908)

Kirchhoff, R . Thalen, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HUGGINS, SIR WILLIAM (1824-1910)

Huggins and H . Kruss; the brightest lines are 6277, 5960, 5955 and 5836 in the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and yellow, and 5230 and 4792 in the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue . Chemical Properties.—Gold is permanent in both dry and moist See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air at See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary or high temperatures . It is insoluble in hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acids, but dissolves in aqua regia—a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids—and when very finely divided in a heated mixture of strong sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and a little nitric acid; dilution with See also:

• WATER

water, however, precipitates the metal as a See also:

• VIOLET

violet or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder from this solution . The metal is soluble in solutions of See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine, See also:

• BROMINE (symbol Br, atomic weight 79-96)

bromine, thiosulphates and cyanides; and also in solutions which generate chlorine, such as mixtures of hydrochloric acid with nitric acid, chromic acid, antimonious acid, peroxides and nitrates, and of nitric acid with a chloride .

Gold is also attacked when strong sulphuric acid is submitted to See also:

• ELECTROLYSIS (formed from Gr. Xbety, to loosen)

electrolysis with a gold See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole . W . Skey showed that in substances which contain small quantities of gold the precious metal may be removed by the solvent See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• IODINE (symbol I, atomic weight '26.92)

iodine or bromine in water . ' See also:

• FILTER (a word common in various forms to most European languages, adapted from the medieval Lat. fi-ltrum, felt, a material used as a filtering agent)

Filter See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper soaked with the clear. solution is burnt, and the presence of gold is indicated by the purple colour of the aslr . In solution minute quantities of gold may be detected by the formation of " purple of Cassius," a bluish-purple precipitate thrown down by a mixture of ferric and stannous chlorides . The atomic See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of gold was first determined with accuracy by See also:

• BERZELIUS, JONS JAKOB (1779-1848)

Berzelius, who deduced the value 195.7 (H= I) from the amount of mercury necessary to precipitate it from the chloride, and 195.2 from the ratio between gold and See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium chloride in potassium aurichloride, KAuC14 . Later determinations were made by Sir T . E . See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe and A . P . Laurie, Kriiss and J . W .

See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

Mallet . Thorpe and Laurie converted potassium auribromide into a mixture of metallic gold and potassium bromide by careful, See also:

• HEATING

heating . The relation of the gold to the potassium bromide, as well as the amounts of silver and silver bromide which are See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to the potassium bromide, were determined . The mean value thus adduced 'was 195.86 . Kruss worked with the same See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, and obtained the value 195.65; while Mallet, by analyses of gold chloride and bromide, and potassium auribromide, obtained the value 195.77 . Occlusion of See also:

• GAS

Gas by Gold.—T . See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham showed that gold is capable of occluding by See also:

• VOLUME

volume o-4.8% of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen, 0.20% of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen, 0.29% of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon monoxide, and o.16% of carbon dioxide . Varrentrapp pointed out that " cornets " from the assay of gold may retain gas if they are not strongly heated . Occurrence and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution.—Gold is found in nature chiefly in the metallic state, i.e. as " native gold," and less frequently in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with tellurium, lead and silver . These are the only certain examples of natural combinations of the metal, the minute, though economically valuable, quantity often found in See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites and other sulphides being probably only See also:

• PRESENT

present in See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical suspension . The native metal crystallizes in the cubic See also:

• SYSTEM

system, the See also:

• OCTAHEDRON (Gr. 6K-rw, eight, Mpa, base)

octahedron being the commonest form, but other and complex combinations have been observed . Owing to the softness of the metal, large crystals are rarely well defined, the points being commonly rounded .

In the irregular crystalline aggregates branching and See also:

• MOSS

moss-like forms are most See also:

• COMMON

common, and in Transylvania thin plates or sheets with See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal structures are found . More characteristic, however, than the crystallized are the irregular forms,which, when large, are known as "nuggets" or " pepites," and when in pieces below 4 to oz. weight as gold dust, the larger sizes being distinguished as coarse or nuggety gold, and the smaller as gold dust proper . Except in the larger nuggets, which may be more or less angular, or at times even masses of crystals, with or without associated See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz or other See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, gold is generally found See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean-shaped or in some other flattened form, the smallest particles being scalps of scarcely appreciable thickness, which, from their small bulk as compared with their See also:

• SURFACE

surface, subside very slowly when suspended in water, and are therefore readily carried away by a rapid current . These form the " See also:

• FLOAT (in O. Eng. floc and flota, in the verbal form f eotan; the Teutonic root is flut-, another form of flu-, seen in " flow," cf. " fleet "; the root is seen in Gr. a-M e, to sail, Lat. pluere, to rain; the Lat, fluere and fluctus, wave, is not connect

float gold " of the miner . The physical properties of native gold are generally similar to that of the melted metal . Of the minerals containing gold the most important are See also:

• SYLVANITE

sylvanite or graphic tellurium (Ag, Au) Tee, with 24 to 26%; calaverite, AuTe2, with 42%; nagyagite or foliate tellurium (Pb, Au)i6 Sb,(S, Te)24, with 5 to 9% of gold; petzite, (Ag, Au)2Te, and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white tellurium . These are confined to a few localities, the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and best known being those of Nagyag and Offenbanya in Transylvania; they have also been found at Red See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado, in Calaveras See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, and at See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth and See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

Boulder, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia . The minerals of the second class, usually spoken of as " auriferous," are comparatively numerous . Prominent among these are See also:

• GALENA

galena and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron pyrites, the former being almost invariably gold-bearing . Iron pyrites, however, is of greater See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical importance, being in some districts exceedingly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, and, next to the native metal, is the most prolific source of gold . Magnetic pyrites, copper pyrites, zinc See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende and arsenical pyrites are other and less important examples, the last constituting the gold ore formerly worked in See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia . A native gold amalgam is found as a rarity in California, and bismuth from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America is sometimes rich in gold .

Native arsenic and antimony are also very frequently found to contain gold and silver . The association and distribution of gold may be considered under two different heads, namely, as it occurs in See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• VEINS

veins—" See also:

• REEF (1)

reef gold," and in alluvial or other superficial deposits which are derived from the See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of the former—" alluvial gold." Four distinct types of reef gold deposits may be distinguished: (I) Gold may occur disseminated through metalliferous veins, generally with sulphides and more particularly with pyrites . These deposits seem to be the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• SOURCES

sources of native gold . (2) More common are the auriferous quartz-reefs—veins or masses of quartz containing gold in flakes visible to the naked See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, or so finely divided as to be invisible . (3) The " See also:

• BANKET

banket " formation, which characterizes the goldfields of South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, consists of a See also:

• QUARTZITE

quartzite See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate throughout which gold is very finely disseminated . (4) The siliceous See also:

• SINTER

sinter at If' 194 See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland, which is obviously associated with hydrothermal action, is also gold-bearing . The See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

genesis of the last three types of See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit is generally assigned to the simultaneous percolation of solutions of gold and See also:

• SILICA

silica, the auriferous solution being formed during the disintegration of the gold-bearing metalliferous veins . But there is much uncertainty as to the mechanism of the See also:

• PROCESS

process; some authors hold that the soluble chloride is first formed, while others postulate the intervention of a soluble aurate . In the alluvial deposits the associated minerals are chiefly those of great density and hardness, such as See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum, osmiridium and other metals of the platinum See also:

• GROUP

group, tinstone, chromic, magnetic and brown iron ores, See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond, ruby and See also:

• SAPPHIRE

sapphire, See also:

• ZIRCON

zircon, See also:

• TOPAZ

topaz, See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet, &c. which represent the more durable See also:

• ORIGINAL

original constituents of the rocks whose distintegration has furnished the detritus . See also:

• STATISTICS

Statistics of Gold See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

Production.—The See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of gold, and also its relation to the supply of silver, has, among civilized nations, always been of See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount importance in the economic questions concerning See also:

• MONEY

money (see MONEY and See also:

• BIMETALLISM

BIMETALLISM); in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article a See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the See also:

• MODERN

modern gold-producing areas will be given, and for further details reference should be made to the articles on the localities named . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief sources of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European supply during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages were the mines of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, while See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain also contributed . The supplies from See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico and See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil were important during the 16th and 17th centuries .

See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia became prominent in 1823, and for fourteen years contributed the bulk of the supply . The See also:

• UNITED

United States (California) after 1848, and Australia after 1851, were responsible for enormous increases in the See also:

• TOTAL

total production, which has been subsequently enhanced by discoveries in See also:

• CANADA

Canada, South Africa, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• CHINA

China and other countries . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• WORLD

world's production for certain periods from 18oI to 188o in ounces is given in Table I . The average TABLE I . See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period . Oz . Period . Oz . 1801-1810 590,750 1856-186o 6,350,180 1811-1820 380,300 1861-1865 5,951,770 1821–1830 472,400 1866–1870 6,169,660 1831-1840 674,200 1871-1875 5,487,400 1841–1850 1,819,600 1876–188o 5,729,300 1851-1855 6,350,180 — — production of the five years 1881-1885 was the smallest since the Australian and Californian mines began to be worked in 1848-1849; the minimum 4,614,588 oz., occurred in 1882 . It was not until after 1885 that the annual output of the world began to expand . Of the total production in 1876, 5,016,488 oz., almost the whole was derived from the United States, See also:

• AUSTRALASIA

Australasia and Russia . Since then the proportion furnished by these countries has been greatly lowered by the supplies from South Africa, Canada, India and China .

The increase of production has not been See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform, the greater part having occurred most notably since 1895 . Among the regions not previously important as gold-producers which now contribute to the annual output, the most remarkable are the goldfields of South Africa (See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal and See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia, the former of which were discovered in 1885) . India likewise has been added to the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, its active production having begun at about the same time as that of South Africa . The average annual product of India for the period 1886 to 1899 inclusive was £698,208, and its present annual product averages about S50,000 oz., or about £2,200,000, obtained almost wholly from the See also:

• FREE

free-milling quartz veins of the Colar goldfields in See also:

• MYSORE

Mysore, See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern India . In 1900 the output was valued at £1,891,804, in 1905 at £2,450,536, and in 1908 at £2,270,000 . Canada, too, assumed an important See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, having contributed in 1900 £5,583,300; but the output has since steadily declined to £1,973,000 in 1908 . The great increase during the few years preceding 1899 was due to the development of the 'goldfields of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North-Western Territory, especially See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia., From the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• YUKON

Yukon (See also:

• KLONDIKE

Klondike, &c.) £2,800,000 was obtained in 1899, wholly from alluvial workings, but the progress made since has been slower than was expected by sanguine See also:

• PEOPLE

people . It is, however, probable that the North-Western Territory will continue to yield gold in important quantities for some time to come . The output of the United States increased from £7,050,000in 1881 to £16,085,567 in 1900, £17,916,000 in 1905, and to £20,065,000 in 1908 . This increase was chiefly due to the exploitation of new goldfields . The fall in the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of silver stimulated the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery and development of gold deposits, and many states formerly regarded as characteristically silver districts have become important as gold producers . Colorado is a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in point, its output having increased from about £600,000 in 188o to £6,o65,000 in 1900; it was £5,139,800 in 1905 .

Some-what more than one-See also:

• HALF

half of the Colorado gold is obtained from the Cripple See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek district . Other states also showed a largely augmented product . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the output of California, which was producing over £3,000,000 per annum in 1876, has fallen off, the average annual output from 1876 to 1900 being £2,800,000; in 1905 the yield was £3,839,000 . This decrease was largely caused by the practical suspension for many years of the See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• MINING

mining operations, in preparation for which millions of dollars had been expended in deep tunnels, flumes, &c., and the active continuance of which might have been expected to yield some £2,000,000 of gold annually . This interruption, due to the practical See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry by the United States courts, on the ground that it was injuring, through the deposit of tailings, agricultural lands and navigable streams, was lessened, though not entirely removed, by compromises and regulations which permit, under certain restrictions, the renewed exploitation of the ancient See also:

• RIVER

river-beds by the hydraulic method . On the other hand, the progressive reduction of mining and metallurgical See also:

• COSTS

costs effected by improved transportation and machinery, and the use of high See also:

• EXPLOSIVES

explosives, compressed air, electric-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power transmission, &c., resulted in California (as elsewhere) in a notable revival of deep mining . This was especially the case on the " See also:

• MOTHER

Mother Lode," where highly promising results were obtained . Not only is vein-material formerly regarded as unremunerative now extracted at a profit, but in many instances increased gold-values have been encountered below zones of relative barrenness, and operators have been encouraged to make costly preparations for really deep mining —more than 3000 ft. below the surface . The gold product of California, therefore, may be fairly expected to maintain itself, and, indeed, to show an advance . See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska appeared in the list of gold-producing countries in 1886, and gradually increased its annual output until 1897, when the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country attracted much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention with a production valued at over £500,000; the opening up of new workings has increased this figure immensely, from about £1,400,000 in 1901 to £3,006,500 in 1905 . The Alaska gold was derived almost wholly from the large See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-grade quartz mines of See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1899, but in that See also:

• YEAR

year an important district was discovered at Cape See also:

• NOME

Nome, on the north-western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . The result of a few months' working during that year was more than £500,000 of gold, and a very much larger annual output may reasonably be anticipated in the future; in 1905 it was about £900,000 .

The gold occurs in alluvial deposits designated as gulch-, See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar-, See also:

• BEACH

beach-, See also:

• TUNDRA (a Russian word, signifying a marshy plain)

tundra- and See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench-placers . The tundra is a coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, swampy and covered with under-growth and underlaid by See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . The most interesting and, thus far, the most productive are the beach deposits, similar to those on the coast of See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern California . These occur in a See also:

• STRIP

strip of comparatively fine gravel and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, 150 yds. wide, extending along the See also:

• SHORE

shore . The gold is found in stratified layers, with " ruby " and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black sand . The " ruby " sand consists chiefly of fine garnets and magnetites, with a few rose-quartz grains . Further exploration of the interior will probably result in the discovery of additional gold districts . Mexico, from a gold production of £200,000 in 1891, advanced to about £1,881,800 in 1900 and to about £3,221,000 in 1905 . Of this increase, a considerable part was derived from gold-quartz mining, though much was also obtained as a by-product in the working of the ores of other metals . The product of See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia, See also:

• VENEZUELA

Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, See also:

• URUGUAY (officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, and long locally called the Banda Oriental, meaning the land on the eastern side of the river Uruguay, from which the country takes its name)

Uruguay, See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina, See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile, See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador amounted in 1900 to £2,481,000 and to £2,046,000 in 1905 . In 1876 Australasia produced £7,364,000, of which See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria contributed £3,984,000 . The annual output of Victoria declined until the year 1892, when it began to increase rapidly, but not to its former level, the values for 1900 and 1905 being £3,142,000 and £3,138,000 .

There has been an important increase in Queensland, which advanced from £1,696,000 in 1876 to £2,843,000 in 1900, and subsequently declined to £2,489,000 in 1905 . There has been no increase, and, indeed, no large fluctuation until quite recently in the output of New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, which averaged £1,054,000 per annum from 1876 to 1898, but the production of the two years 1900and 1905 rose to £1,42 5,459 and £2,070,407 respectively . By far the most important addition to the Australasian product has come fromWestAustralia,which began its production in 1887 - about the time of the inception of mining at Witwatersrand ("the See also:

• RAND

Rand") in South Africa-and by continuous in-crease, which assumed large proportions towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, was £6,426,000 in 1899, £6,179,000 in 1900, and £8,212,000 in 1905 . The total Australasian production in 1908 was valued at £14,708,000 . Undoubtedly the greatest of the gold discoveries made in the latter half of the 19th century was that of the Witwatersrand district in the Transvaal . By See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of its unusual See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and great economic importance this district deserves a more extended description . The gold occurs in conglomerate beds, locally known as "banket." There are several See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of parallel beds, interstratified with quartzite and schist, the most important being the "See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main reef" series . The gold in this See also:

• CON

con-glomerate reef is partly of detrital origin and partly of the genetic character of ordinary vein-gold . The formation is noted for its regularity as regards both the thickness and the gold-See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor of the ore-bearing reefs, in which respect it is unparalleled in the See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology of the auriferous formations . The gold carries, on an average, £2 per ton, and is worked by ordinary methods of gold-mining, See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp-milling and cyaniding . In 1899, 5762 stamps were in operation, crushing 7,331,446 tons of ore, and yielding £15,134,000, equivalent to 25.5% of the world's production . Of this, 8o% came from within 12 M. of See also:

• JOHANNESBURG

Johannesburg .

After See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1899 operations were suspended, almost entirely owing to the See also:

• BOER

Boer See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, but on the 2nd of May 1901 they were started again . In 1905 the yield was valued at £20,802,074, and in 1909 at £30,925,788 . So certain is the ore-bearing formation that See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers in estimating its auriferous contents feel justified in assuming, as a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in their calculations, a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension limited only by the lowest depths at which mining is feasible . On such a basis they arrived at more than £600,000,000 as the available gold contained in the Witwatersrand conglomerates . This was a conservative estimate, and was made before the full extent of the reefs was known; in 1904 Lionel See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips stated that the main reef series had been proved for 61 m., and he estimated the gold remaining to be See also:

• MINED

mined to be See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth £2,500,000,000 . Deposits similar to the Witwatersrand banket occur in See also:

• ZULULAND

Zululand, and also on the Gold Coast of Africa . In Rhodesia, the country lying north of the Transvaal, where gold occurs in well-defined quartz-veins, there is unquestionable See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of extensive ancient workings . The economic importance of the region generally has been fully proved . Rhodesia produced £386,148 in 1900 and £722,656 in 1901, in spite of the South See also:

• AFRICAN

African War; the product for 1905 was valued at £1,480,449, and for 1908 at £2,526,000 . 195 The gold production of Russia has been remarkably See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant, averaging £4,899,262 per annum; the gold is derived chiefly from placer workings in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . The gold production of China was estimated for 1899 at £1,328,238 and for 1900 at £860,000; it increased in 1901 to about £1,700,000, to fall to £340,000 in 1905; in 1906 and 1907 it recovered to about £1,000,000 . See also:

• ALLOYS (through the Fr. aloyer, from Lat. alligare, to combine)

Alloys.-Gold forms alloys with most metals, and of these many are of great importance in the arts .

The alloy with mercury-gold amalgam-is so readily formed that mercury is one of the most powerful agents for extracting the precious metal . With to% of gold present the amalgam is fluid, and with 12.5 % pasty, while with 13 % it consists of yellowish-white crystals . Gold readily alloys with silver and copper to form substances in use from remote times for money, jewelry and plate . Other metals which find application in the metallurgy of gold by virtue of their See also:

• PROPERTY

property of extracting the gold as an alloy are lead, which combines very readily when molten, and which can afterwards be separated by cupellation, and copper, which is separated from the gold by solution in acids or by electrolysis; molten lead also extracts gold from the copper-gold alloys . The relative amount of gold in an alloy is expressed in two ways: (1) as " fineness," i.e. the amount of gold in See also:

• LOOT

loot) parts of alloy; (2) as " carats," i.e. the amount of gold in 24 parts of alloy . Thus, pure gold is 1000 " fine " or 24 See also:

• CARAT (Arab. Oral, weight of four grains; Gr. Kep6Tro11, little horn, the fruit of the carob or locust tree)

carat . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the following See also:

• STANDARDS

standards are used for plate and jewelry: 375, 500, 625, 750 and 916-6, corresponding to 9, 12, 15, 18 and 22 carats, the alloying metals being silver and copper in varying proportions . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France three alloys of the following standards are used for jewelry, 920, 84o and 750 . A greenish alloy used by goldsmiths contains 70 % of silver and 30% of gold . " Blue gold " is stated to contain 75% of gold and 25 % of iron . The See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese use for See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament an alloy of gold and silver, the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of which varies from 35o to 500, the colour of the precious metal being See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by " pickling ' in a mixture of See also:

• PLUM

plum-juice, See also:

• VINEGAR

vinegar and copper sulphate . They may be said to possess a series of bronzes, in which gold and silver replace tin and zinc, all these alloys being characterized by See also:

• PATINA (probably from the Latin word for a flat dish, from patere, to lie open; cf. " paten ")

patina having a wonderful range of tint .

The common alloy, Shi-ya-ku-Do, contains 70% of copper and 30% of gold ; when exposed to air it becomes coated with a fine black patina, and is much used in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan for See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword ornaments . Gold wire may be drawn of any quality, but it is usual to add 5 to 9 dwts. of copper to the See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound . The " solders " used for red gold contain r part of copper and 5 of gold; for light gold, 1 part of copper, r of silver and 4 of gold . Gold and Silver.-See also:

• ELECTRUM, ELECTRON (Gr. ijXei rpov, amber)

Electrum is a natural alloy of gold and silver . Matthiessen observed that the density of alloys, the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of which varies from AuAgs to Au,Ag, is greater than that calculated from the densities of the constituent metals . These alloys are harder, more fusible and more sonorous than pure gold . The alloys of the formulae AuAg, AuAg2, AuAg4 and AuAg2o are perfectly homogeneous, and have been studied by Levol . Molten alloys containing more than 8o % of silver deposit on cooling the alloy AuAgs, little gold remaining in the mother liquor . Gold and Zinc.-When present in small quantities zinc renders gold Year . Australasia . Africa . Canada .

India . Mexico . Russia . United Totals .