See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation)  , a See also:

• GAME

game which probably derives its name from the Ger. See also:

• KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN (1818–1884)

kolbe, a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club—in Dutch, kolf—which last is nearly in See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound identical and might suggest a Dutch origin,' which many pictures and other witnesses further support . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—One of the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and most interesting of the pictures in which the game is portrayed is the tailpiece to an illuminated See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

Hours made at See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges at the beginning of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original is in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . The players, three in number, have but one club apiece . The heads of the clubs are See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel or steel covered . They See also:

• PLAY

play with a See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball each . That which gives this picture a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTEREST

interest over the many pictures of Dutch See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools that portray the game in progress is that most of them show it on the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, the putting being at a stake . In this Book of Hours they are putting at a hole in the See also:

• TURF

turf, as in our See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf . It is scarcely to be doubted that the game is of Dutch origin, and that it has been in favour since very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days . Further than that our knowledge does not go . The early Dutch-men played golf, they painted golf, but they did not write it . It is uncertain at what date golf was introduced into See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, but in 1457 the popularity of the game had already become so See also:

• GREAT

great as seriously to interfere with the more important pursuit of See also:

• ARCHERY

archery .

In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March of that See also:

• YEAR

year the Scottish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament decreted and ordained that wapinshawingis be halden be the lordis and baronis spirituale and temporale, four times in the zeir; and that the fute-ball and golf be utterly cryit doun, and nocht usit; and that the bowe-merkis be maid at ilk paroche See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

kirk a pair of buttis, and schuttin be usit ilk See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday." Fourteen years afterwards, in May 1471, it was judged necessary to pass another See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act " anent wapenshawings," and in 1491 a final and evidently angry fulmination was issued on the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general subject, with pains and penalties annexed . It runs thus— " Futeball and Golfe forbidden . See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

Item, it is statut and ordainit that in na See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the realme there be usit fute-ball, golfe, or uther sik unprofitabill sportis," &c . This, be it noted, is an See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James IV.; and it is not a little curious presently to find the monarch himself setting an See also:

• ILL

ill example to his See also:

• COMMONS

commons, by practice of this " unprofitabill See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport," as is shown by various entries in the accounts of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high treasurer of Scotland (1503–1506) . About a century later, the game again appears on the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of history, and it is quite as popular as before . In the year 1592 the See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh "ordanis See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation to be made threw this See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh, that na inhabitants of the samyn be seen at ony pastymes within or without the toun, upoun the Sabboth See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, sic as golfe, &c." 2 The following year the edict was re-announced, but with the modification that the See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition was " in tyme of sermons." Golf has from old times been known in Scotland as " The Royal and Ancient Game of Goff." Though no doubt Scottish monarchs handled the club before him, James IV. is the first who figures formally in the golfing See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record . James V. was also very partial to the game distinctively known as " royal "; and there is some scrap of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that his daughter, the unhappy See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart, was a golfer . It was alleged by her enemies that, as showing her shameless indifference to the See also:

• FATE

fate of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, a very few days after his See also:

• MURDER

murder, she " was seen playing golf and pallmall in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields beside See also:

• SETON (Family)

Seton." 3 That her son, James VI . (afterwards James I. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England), was a golfer, tradition confidently asserts, though the evidence which connects him with the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal practice of the game is slight . Of the interest he took in it we have evidence in his act—already alluded to— " anent golfe ballis," prohibiting their importation, except under certain 1 From an enactment of James VI . (then James I. of England), tearing date 1618, we find that a considerable importation of golf balls at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time took place from See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, and as thereby " na small quantitie of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver is transported zierly out of his Hienes' kingdome of Scoteland " (see See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of His See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

Majesty from See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, the 5th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1618), he issues a royal prohibition, at once as a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national moneys, and a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to native See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . From this it might almost seem that the game was at that date still known and practised in Holland .

2 Records of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of Edinburgh . 3 Inventories of Mary See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen of Scots, See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, p. lxx . (1863) . restrictions . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I . (as his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry had been') was devotedly attached to the game . Whilst engaged in it on the links of See also:

• LEITH

Leith, in 1642, the See also:

• NEWS

news reached him of the Irish See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of that year . He had not the equanimity to finish his match, but returned precipitately and in much agitation to Holyrood.2 Afterwards, while prisoner to the Scots See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle, he found his favourite diversion in " the royal game." " The See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King was nowhere treated with more See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour than at New-See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, as he himself confessed, both he and his See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train having See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to go abroad and play at goff in the See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

Shield See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field, without the walls."3 Of his son, Charles II., as a golfer, nothing whatever is ascertained, but James II. was a known devotee.' After the Restoration, James, then See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, was sent to Edinburgh in 1681/2 as See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of the king to parliament, and an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of his prowess as a golfer remains there to this day in the " Golfer's See also:

• LAND

Land," as it is still called, 77 Canongate . The duke having been challenged by two See also:

• ENGLISH

English noblemen of his See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite, to play a match against them, for a very large stake, along with any Scotch ally he might select, See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose as his partner one " Johne Patersone," a shoemaker . The duke and the said Johne won easily, and See also:

• HALF

half of the large stake the duke made over to his humble coadjutor, who therewith built himself the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house mentioned above . In 1834 See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William IV. became See also:

• PATRON

patron of the St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews Golf Club (St Andrews being then, as now, the most famous seat of the game), and approved of its being styled " The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews." In 1837, as further See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of royal favour, he presented to it a magnificent gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal, which " should be challenged and played for annually "; and in 1838 the queen See also:

• DOWAGER (from the Old Fr. douagiere, mod. douairiere)

dowager, duchess of St Andrews, became patroness of the club, and presented to it a handsome gold medal —" The Royal See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide "—with a See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request that it should be worn by the See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain, as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, on all public occasions . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1863 the prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales (afterwards See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII.) signified his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to become patron of the club, and in the following See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September was elected captain by See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation .

His engagements did not admit of his coming in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person to undertake the duties of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, but his brother Prince See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold (the duke of See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany), having in 1876 done the club the honour to become its captain, twice visited the ancient city in that capacity . In more See also:

• RECENT

recent days, golf has become increasingly popular in a much wider degree . In 188o the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who travelled about England with a set of golf clubs was an See also:

• OBJECT

object of some astonishment, almost of alarm, to his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-travellers . In those days the commonest of questions in regard to the game was, " You have to be a See also:

• FINE

fine rider, do you not, to play golf ?," so confounded was it in the popular mind with the game of See also:

• POLO (Tibetan pulu, ball)
• POLO, GASPAR GIL (?153o-1591)
• POLO, MARCO (c. 1254-1324)

polo . At See also:

• BLACKHEATH

Blackheath a few Scotsmen See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in See also:

• LONDON

London had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long played golf . In 1864 the Royal See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon Club was formed at Westward Ho, and this was the first of the seaside links discovered and laid out for golf in England . In 1869 the Royal See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool Club established itself in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the second English course of this quality atHoylake, in See also:

• CHESHIRE

Cheshire . A golf club was formed in connexion with the London Scottish See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

Volunteers See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, which had its house on the Putney end of See also:

• WIMBLEDON

Wimbledon See also:

• COMMON

Common on Putney See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath; and, after making so much of a start, the progress of the game was slow, though steady, for many years . A few more clubs were formed; the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of golfers See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew; but it could not be said that the game was yet in any sense popular in England . All at once, for no very obvious See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, the qualities of the ancient Scottish game seemed to strike See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and from that moment its popularity has been wonderfully and increasingly great . The English links that See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose into most immediate favour was the fine course of the St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George's Golf Club, near See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich, on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent . To the London golfer it was the first course of the first class that was reasonably accessible, and the fact made something like an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in English golf .

A very considerable increase, it is true, in the number of English golfers and English golf clubs had taken place before the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery for golfing purposes of the links at Sandwich . ' See also:

• ANONYMOUS

Anonymous author of MS. in the Harleian Library . 2 See History of Leith, by A . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell (1827) . 3 See also:

• LOCAL

Local Records of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Sykes (Newcastle, 1833) . ' See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson's Historical Notices of Leith.Already there was a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of links all See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the coast, besides numerous inland courses; but since 1890 their increase has been extraordinary, and the number which has been formed in the colonies and abroad is very large also, so that in the Golfer's Year Book for 1906 a space of over 300 pages was allotted to the Club See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory alone, each See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page containing, on a rough See also:

• AVERAGE

average, six clubs . To compute the average membership of these clubs is very difficult . There is not a little overlapping, in the sense that a member of one club will often be a member of several others; but probably the average may be placed at something like 200 members for each club . The immense amount of golf-playing that this denotes, the large industry in the making of clubs and balls, in the upkeep of links, in the actual See also:

• WORK

work of club-carrying by the caddies, and in the instruction given by the professional class, is obvious . Golf has taken a strong hold on the affections of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people in many parts of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion for golf in England has reacted strongly on Scotland itself, the ancient home of the game, where since 188o golfers have probably increased in the ratio of See also:

• FORTY

forty to one . Besides the. industry that such a growth of the game denotes in the branches immediately connected with it, as mentioned above, there is to be taken into further See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the visiting See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population that it brings to all lodging-houses and hotels within reach of a tolerable golf links, so that many a fishing See also:

• VILLAGE

village has risen into a moderate watering-place by virtue of no other attractions than those which are offered by its golf course . Therefore to the Briton, golf has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from something of which he had a vague See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea—as of See also:

• CURLING
• CURLING, THOMAS BLIZARD (1811-1888)

curling "—to something in the nature of an important business, a business that can make towns and has a considerable effect on the receipts of railway companies .

Moreover, ladies have learned to play golf . Although this is a crude and brief See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, it does not See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state the fact too widely nor too forcibly, for though it is true that before 1885 many played on the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short links of St Andrews, North See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick, Westward Ho and elsewhere, still it was virtually unknown that they should play on the longer courses, which till then had been in the undisputed possession of the men . At many places See also:

• WOMEN

women now have their See also:

• SEPARATE

separate links, at others they play on the same course as the men . But even where links are set apart for women, they are far different from the little courses that used to be assigned to them . They are links only a little less formidable in their bunkers, a little less varied in their features than those of men . The ladies have their See also:

• ANNUAL

annual championship, which they play on the long links of the men, sometimes on one, sometimes on another, but always on courses of the first quality, demanding the finest display of golfing skill . The claim that England made to a golfing fellowship with Scotland was conceded very strikingly by the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of three English greens, first those of See also:

• HOYLAKE

Hoylake and of Sandwich, and in 1909 See also:

• DEAL

Deal, into the exclusive See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the links on which the open championship of the game is decided . Before England had so fully assimilated Scotland's game this great annual contest was waged at St Andrews, See also:

• MUSSELBURGH

Musselburgh and Prestwick in successive years . Now the ancient See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green of Musselburgh, somewhat worn out with length of hard and gallant service, and moreover, as a nine-holes course inadequately accommodating the numbers who compete in the championships to-day, has been superseded by the course at Muirfield as a championship See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena . While golf had been making itself a force in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, the professional See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element—men who had learned the game from childhood, had become past-masters, were capable of giving instruction, and also of making clubs and balls and looking after the greens on which golf was played—had at first ,been taken from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Border . But when golf had been started long enough in England for the little boys who were at first employed as " caddies "—in carrying the players' clubs—to grow to sufficient strength to drive the ball as far as their masters, it was inevitable that out of the number who thus began to play in their boyhood some few should develop an exceptional See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent for the -game . This, in fact, actually happened, and English golfers, both of the See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

amateur and the professional classes, have proved themselves so See also:

• ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has Attained)

adept at Scotland's game, that the championships in either the Open or the Amateur competitions have been won more often by English than by Scottish players of See also:

• LATE

late years .

Probably in the See also:

• UNITED

United Kingdom to-day there are as many English as Scottish professional golf players, and their relative number is increasing . Golf also " caught on," to use the See also:

• AMERICAN

American expression, in the United States . To the American of 18go golf was largely an unknown thing . Since then, however, golf has become perhaps a greater See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the See also:

• LIFE

life of the upper and upper-See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes in the United States than it ever has been in England or Scotland . Golf to the English and the Scots meant only one among several of the See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports and pastimes that take the man and the woman of the upper and upper-middle classes into the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and the fresh See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . To the American of like status golf came as the one thing to take him out of his towns and give him a reason for exercise in the country . To-day golf has become an interest all over North See also:

• AMERICA

America, but it is in the Eastern States that it has made most difference in the life of the classes with whom it has become fashionable . Westerners and Southerners found more excuses before the coming of golf for being in the open country air . It is in the Eastern States more especially that it has had so much See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in making the people live and take exercise out of doors . In a truly democratic spirit the American woman golfer plays on a perfect equality with the American man . She does not compete in the men's championships; she has championships of her own; but she plays, without question, on the same links . There is no See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of relegating her, as a certain cynical writer in the See also:

• BADMINTON, or GREAT BADMINTON

Badminton See also:

• VOLUME

volume on golf described it, to a See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste corner, a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of " See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews' See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

Quarter," of the links .

And the Americans have taken up golf in the spirit of a sumptuous and opulent people, spending See also:

• MONEY

money on magnificent clubhouses beyond the finest dreams of the Englishman or the See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot . The greatest success achieved by any American golfer See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of Mr See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter Travis of the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden City club, who in 1904 won the British amateur championship . So much See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm and so much golf in America have not failed to make their influence See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in the United Kingdom . Naturally and inevitably they have created a strong demand for professional instruction, both by example and by See also:

• PRECEPT (Lat. praeceptum, a rule, from praecipere, literally to take beforehand, to give rules, instructions or orders)

precept, and for professional See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice and assistance in the laying-out and upkeep of the many new links that have been created in all parts of the States, sometimes out of the least promising material . By the offer of great prizes for See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition matches, and of See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages that are to the British See also:

• RATE

rate on the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of the See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar to the See also:

• SHILLING

shilling, they have attracted many of the best Scottish and English professionals to pay them longer or shorter visits as the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case may be, and thus a new opening has been created for the energies of the professional golfing class . The Game.—The game of golf may be briefly defined as consisting in hitting the ball over a great extent of country, preferably of that See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill nature which is found by the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-side, and finally hitting or " putting " it into a little hole of some 4 in. See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter cut in the turf . The place of the hole is commonly marked by a See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag . Eighteen is the recognized number of these holes on a full course, and they are at varying distances apart, from Too yds. up to anything between a 4 and a m . For the various strokes required to achieve the hitting of the ball over the great hills, and finally putting it into the small hole, a number of different " clubs " has been devised to suit the different positions in which the ball may be found and the different directions in which it is wished to propel it . At the start for each hole the ball may be placed on a favourable position (e.g . " tee'd " on a small See also:

• MOUND

mound of sand) for striking it, but after that it may not be touched, except with the club, until it is See also:

• HIT

hit into the next hole . A " full drive," as the farthest distance that' the ball can be hit is called, is about 200 yds. in length, of which some three-fourths will be traversed in the air, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest by bounding or See also:

• RUNNING

running over the ground .

It is easily to be understood that when the ball is lying on the turf behind a tall sand-hill, or in a bunker, a differently-shaped club is 'required for raising it over such an obstacle from that which is neededwhen it is placed on the tee to start with; and again, that another club is needed to strike the ball out of a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup or out of heavy grass . It is this variety that gives the game its See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm . Each player plays with his own ball, with no interference from his opponent, and the object of each is to hit the ball from the starting-point into each successive hole in the fewest strokes . The player who at the end of the round (i.e. of the course of eighteen holes) has won the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the holes is the winner of the round; or the decision may be reached before the end of the round by one side gaining more holes than there remain to play . For instance, if one player be four holes to the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and only three holes remain to be played, it is evident that the former must be the winner, for even if the latter win every remaining hole, he still must be one to the See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad at the finish . The British Amateur Championship is decided by a See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament in matches thus played, each defeated player retiring, and his opponent passing on into the next round . In the case of the Open Championship, and in most medal competitions, the scores are differently reckoned—each man's See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score (irrespective of his relative merit at each hole) being reckoned at the finish against the total score of the other players in the competition . There is also a See also:

• SPECIES

species of competition called " bogey " play, in which each man plays against a " bogey " score—a score fixed for each hole in the round before starting—and his position in the competition relatively to the other players is determined by the number of holes that he is to the good or to the bad of the "bogey" score at the end of the round . The player who is most holes to the good, or fewest holes to the bad, wins the competition . It may be mentioned incidentally that golf occupies the almost unique position of being the only sport in which even a single player can enjoy his game, his opponent in this event being " See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Bogey "—more often than not a redoubtable adversary . The links which have been thought worthy, by reason of their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical positions and their merits, of being the scenes on which the golf championships are fought out, are, as we have already said, three in Scotland—St Andrews, Prestwick and Muirfield—and three in England—Hoylake, Sandwich and Deal . This brief list is very far from being See also:

• COMPLETE

complete as regards links of first-class quality in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain .

Besides those named, there are in Scotland—See also:

• CARNOUSTIE

Carnoustie, North Berwick, See also:

• CRUDEN
• CRUDEN, ALEXANDER (1701-1770)

Cruden See also:

• BAY

Bay, See also:

• NAIRN

Nairn, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, See also:

• DORNOCH

Dornoch, See also:

• TROON

Troon, Machrihanish, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• UIST, NORTH AND SOUTH

Uist, See also:

• ISLAY

Islay, Gullane, Luff ness and many more . In England there are—Westward Ho, Bembridge, Littlestone, Great See also:

• YARMOUTH
• YARMOUTH (GREAT YARMOUTH)

Yarmouth, Brancaster, See also:

• SEATON, SIR JOHN COLBORNE

Seaton See also:

• CAREW, GEORGE (d. about 1613)
• CAREW, RICHARD (1555–1620)
• CAREW, THOMAS (1595–1645?)

Carew, Formby, See also:

• LYTHAM

Lytham, See also:

• HARLECH (perhaps for Hardd lech, fair slate, or Harleigh, an Anglicized variant)

Harlech, Burnham, among the seaside ones; while of the inland, some of them of very fine quality, we cannot even See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a selection, so large is their number and so variously estimated their See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative merits . Ireland has See also:

• PORTRUSH

Portrush, Newcastle, Portsalon, Dollymount and many more of the first class; and there are excellent courses in the Isle of Man . In America many fine courses have been constructed . There is not a British See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of any See also:

• STANDING

standing that is without its golf course—See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, all have their golf championships, which are keenly contested . See also:

• CANADA

Canada has had courses at See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec and See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal for many years, and the See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta Golf Club, curiously enough, is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest established (next to the Blackheath Club), the next oldest being the club at See also:

• PAU

Pau in the Basses-See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees . The Open Championship of golf was started in 186o by the Prestwick Club giving a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt to be played for annually under the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that it should become the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of any who could win it thrice in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . The following is the list of the champions: 186o . W . See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, Musselburgh 174—at Prestwick . 1861 . Tom See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris, sen., Prestwick 163—at Prestwick .

1862 . Tom Morris, sen., Prestwick 163—at Prestwick . 1863 . . W . Park, Musselburgh . 168—at Prestwick . 1864 . Tom Morris, sen., Prestwick 16o—at Prestwick . 1865 . A . Strath, St Andrews 162—at Prestwick . 1866 .

W . Park, Musselburgh 169—at Prestwick . 1867 . Tom Morris, sen., St Andrews 17o—at Prestwick . 1868 . Tom Morris, jun., St Andrews 154—at Prestwick . 1869 . Tom Morris, jun., St Andrews 157—at Prestwick . 187o . Tom Morris, jun., St Andrews 149—at Prestwick . Tom Morris, junior, thus won the belt finally, according to the conditions . In 1871 there was no competition; but by 1872 the three clubs of St Andrews, Prestwick and Musselburgh had sub-scribed for a cup which should be played for over the course of each subscribing club successively, but should never become the property of the winner .

In later years the course at Muirfield was substituted for that at Musselburgh, and Hoylake and Sandwich were admitted into the list of championship courses . Up to 1891, inclusive, the play of two rounds, or See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-six holes, determined the championship, but from 1892 the result has been determined by the play of 72 holes After the See also:

• INTERREGNUM (Lat. inter, between, and regnum, reign)

interregnum of 1871, the following were the champions: 1872 . Tom Morris, jun., St Andrews 166-at Prestwick . 1873 . Tom See also:

• KIDD, JOHN (1775-1851)
• KIDD, THOMAS (1770-185o)
• KIDD, WILLIAM

Kidd, St Andrews 179-at St Andrews . 1874 . Mungo Park, Musselburgh 139-at Musselburgh . 1875 . Willie Park, Musselburgh 166-at Prestwick . 1876 . Bob See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, St Andrews 176-at St Andrews . 1877 .

Jamie See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson, St Andrews 16o-at Musselburgh . 1878 . Jamie Anderson, St Andrews 157-at Prestwick . 1879 . Jamie Anderson, St Andrews 17o-at St Andrews . 1880 . Bob See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson, Musselburgh 162-at Musselburgh . 1881 . Bob Fergusson, Musselburgh 17o-at Prestwick . 1882 . Bob Fergusson, Musselburgh 171-at St Andrews . 1883 .

W . See also:

• FERNIE

Fernie, See also:

• DUMFRIES (Gaelic, " the fort in the copse ")

Dumfries 159-at Musselburgh . 1884 . See also:

• JACK

Jack See also:

• SIMPSON, MATTHEW (1811-1884)
• SIMPSON, SIR JAMES YOUNG (1811-1870)
• SIMPSON, THOMAS (1710-1761)

Simpson, Carnoustie 16o--mot Prestwick . 1885 . Bob Martin, St Andrews 171-at St Andrews . 1886 . D . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown, Musselburgh . 157-at Musselburgh . 1887 . Willie Park, jun., Musselburgh 161-at Prestwick .

1888 . Jack See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns, See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick 171-at St Andrews . 1889 . Willie Park, jun., Musselburgh 155-at Musselburgh . 189o . Mr John Ball, jun., Hoylake 164-at Prestwick . 1891 . See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh Kirkaldy, St Andrews 166-at St Andrews . 1892 . Mr H . H . See also:

• HILTON, JOHN (1804–1878)
• HILTON, WILLIAM (1786-1839)

Hilton, Hoylake .

305-at Muirfield . 1893 . W . Auchterlonie, St Andrews 322-at Prestwick . 1894 . J . H . See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester 326-at Sandwich . 1895 . J . H . Taylor, Winchester 322-at St Andrews .

1896 . H . Vardon, See also:

• SCARBOROUGH

Scarborough 316-at Muirfield . 1897 . Mr H . H . Hilton, Hoylake 314-at Hoylake . 1898 . H . Vardon, Scarborough 307-at Prestwick . 1899 . H .

Vardon, Scarborough 310-at Sandwich . 1900 . J . H . Taylor, See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond 309-at St Andrews . 1901 . J . See also:

• BRAID (from the O. Eng. bregdan, to move quickly to and fro, hence to weave)

Braid, See also:

• ROMFORD

Romford 309-at Muirfield . 1902 . A . See also:

• HERD (a word common to Teutonic languages; the O. Eng. form was heord; cf. Ger. Herde, Swed. and Dan. hjord; the Sans. ca'rdhas, which shows the pre-Teutonic form, means a troop)

Herd, See also:

• HUDDERSFIELD

Huddersfield 307-at Hoylake . 1903 .

H . Vardon, Ganton Soo-at Prestwick . 1904 . J . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White, Sunningdale 296-at Sandwich . 1905 . J . Braid, See also:

• WALTON, BRIAN (1600-1661)
• WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683)

Walton Heath . 318-at St Andrews . 1906 . J . Braid, Walton Heath .

Soo-at Muirfield . 1907 . See also:

• ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721)

Arnaud See also:

• MASSEY, GERALD (1828-r9o7)
• MASSEY, SIR EDWARD (c. 1619-c. 1674)

Massey, La Boulie 312-at Hoylake . 1908 . J . Braid, Walton Heath 291-at Prestwick . 1909 . J . H . Taylor, Richmond . 295-at Deal . 1910 .

J . Braid, Walton Heath . . 298-at St Andrews . The Amateur Championship is of far more recent institution . 1886 . Mr See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace See also:

• HUTCHINSON
• HUTCHINSON, ANNE (c. 1600-1643)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1615-1664)
• HUTCHINSON, JOHN (1674-1737)
• HUTCHINSON, SIR JONATHAN (1828– )
• HUTCHINSON, THOMAS (1711-1780)

Hutchinson . at St Andrews . 1887 . Mr Horace Hutchinson . at Hoylake . 1888 . Mr John Ball . . . at Prestwick . 1889 .

Mr J . E . Laidlay . at St Andrews . 189o . Mr John Ball . at Hoylake . 1891 . Mr J . E . Laidlay . at St Andrews . 1892 . Mr John Ball . at Sandwich . 1893 .

Mr P . Anderson . . . . at Prestwick . 1894 . Mr John Ball . at Hoylake . 1895 . Mr L . See also:

• BALFOUR, FRANCIS MAITLAND (1851-1882)
• BALFOUR, ROBERT (known also as BALFOREUS) (1550?-1625?)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES (of Pittendreich) (d. 1583 Or 1584)
• BALFOUR, SIR JAMES, BART

Balfour-See also:

• MELVILLE, ANDREW (1545-1622)
• MELVILLE, ARTHUR (1858-1904)
• MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614)
• MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617)

Melville . at St Andrews . 1896 . Mr F . G .

See also:

• TAIT, ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL (1811-1882)
• TAIT, ARTHUR FITZWILLIAM (1819-1905)
• TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE (1831-1901)

Tait . at Sandwich . 1897 . Mr J . T . See also:

• ALLAN, DAVID (1744–1796)
• ALLAN, SIR HUGH (1810–1882)
• ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM (1782–1850)

Allan at Muirfield . 1898 . Mr John Ball . . at Prestwick . 1899 . Mr F . G . Tait at Hoylake .

1900 . Mr H . H . Hilton . . at Sandwich . 1901 . Mr H . H . Hilton at St Andrews . 1902 . Mr C . Hutchings at Hoylake .

1903 . Mr R . See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell . at Muirfield . 1904 . Mr W . J . Travis at Sandwich . 1905 . Mr A . G . See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry at St Andrews . 1906 .

Mr J . Robb .. at Hoylake . 1907 . Mr John Ball . . at St Andrews . 1908 . Mr E . A . See also:

• LASSEN, CHRISTIAN (1800-1876)
• LASSEN, EDUARD (1830-19o4)

Lassen at Sandwich . 1909 . Mr See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Maxwell at Muirfield . 1910 .

Mr John Ball at Hoylake . The Ladies' Championship was started in 1893 . 1893 . See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady M . See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott at St Annes . 1894 . Lady M . Scott at Littlestone . 1895 . Lady M . Scott . at Portrush . 1896 .

See also:

• MISS

Miss A . B . Pascoe at Hoylake . 1897 . Miss E . C . Orr , at Gullane . 1898 . Miss L . See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson . at Yarmouth . 1899 . Miss M .

Hezlet at Newcastle . 1900 . Miss R . K . See also:

• ADAIR, JOHN (d. 1722)

Adair . at Westward Ho . 1901 . Miss M . A . See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham . at Aberdovy . 1902 . Miss M . Hezlet at.Deal .

1903 . Miss R . K . Adair at Portrush . 1904 . Miss L . Dod .. . at Troon . 1905 . Miss B . Thompson . at See also:

• CROMER
• CROMER, EVELYN BARING, 1ST EARL (1841– )

Cromer . 1906 .

Mrs Kennion at Burnham . 1907 . Miss M . Hezlet . . . at Newcastle(Co.Down) . 1908 . Miss M . Titterton at St Andrews . 1909 . Miss D . Campbell at Birkdale . 1910 .

Miss See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant Suttie at Westward Ho.of the Rules should be consulted) . A new class of golfer has arisen, requiring a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of rules framed rather more exactly than the older code . The Scottish golfer, who was " teethed " on a golf club, as Mr See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang has described it, imbibed all the traditions of the game with his natural sustenance . Very few rules sufficed for him . But when the Englishman, and still more the American (less in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the traditions), began to play golf as a new game, then they began to ask for a code of rules that should be lucid and See also:

• ILLUMINATING

illuminating on every point-an ideal perhaps impossible to realize . It was found, at least, that the code put forward by the Royal and Ancient Club of St Andrews did not realize it adequately . Nevertheless the new golfers were very loyal indeed to the club that had ever of old held, by tacit consent, the position of fount of golfing legislation . The Royal and Ancient Club was appealed to by English golfers to step into the place, analogous to that of the Marylebone See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

Cricket Club in cricket, that they were both willing and anxious to give it . It was a place that the Club at St Andrews did not in the least wish to occupy, but the honour was thrust so insistently upon it, that there was no declining . The latest effort to meet the demands for some more satisfactory legislation on the thousand and one points that continually must arise for decision in course of playing a game of such variety as golf, consists of the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a standing See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, called the " Rules of Golf Committee." Its members all belong to the Royal and Ancient Club; but since this club draws its membership from all parts of the United Kingdom, this restriction is quite consistent with a very general See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the views of north, south, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-from Westward Ho and Sandwich to Dornoch, and all the many first-rate links of Ireland-on the committee . Ireland has, indeed, some of the best links in the kingdom, and yields to neither Scotland nor England in enthusiasm for the game . This committee, after a general revision of the rules into the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which they now stand, consider every See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, either by See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting or by See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, the questions that are sent up to it by clubs or by individuals; and the committee's answers to these questions have the force of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law until they have come before the next general meeting of the Royal and Ancient Club at St Andrews, which may confirm or may reject them at will .

The ladies of Great Britain See also:

• MANAGE

manage otherwise . They have a Golfing See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union which settles questions for them; but since this union itself accepts as binding the answers given by the Rules of Golf Committee, they really arrive at the same conclusions by a slightly different path . Nor does the American Union, governing the play of men and women alike in the States, really act differently . The Americans naturally reserve to themselves freedom to make their own rules, but in practice they conform to the legislation of Scotland, with the exceptioll of a more drastic See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of the status of the amateur player, and certain See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences as to the clubs used . A considerable modification has been effected in the implements of the game . The tendency of the modern wooden clubs is to be short in the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head as compared with the clubs of, say, 188o or 1885 . The See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage claimed (probably with See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice) for this shape is that it masses the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight behind the point on which the ball is struck . Better material in the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of the club is a consequence of the increased demand for these articles and the increased competition among their makers: Whereas under the old conditions a few workers at the few greens then in existence were enough to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the golfing wants, now there is a very large industry in golf club and ball making, which not only employs workers in the local club-makers' shops all the kingdom over, but is an important See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce of the stores and of the big athletic outfitters, both in Great Britain and in the United States . By far the largest modification in the game since the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change to See also:

• GUTTA (Latin for " drop ")

gutta-percha balls from balls of See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-covering stuffed with feathers, is due to the American invention of the india-See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber cased balls . Practically it is as an American invention that it is still regarded, although the British law courts decided, after a lengthy trial (1905), that there had as time has gone on, in the rules of the game (the latest edition There have been some slight changes of detail and arrangement been " See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior users " of the principle of the balls' manufacture, and therefore that the patent of Mr Haskell, by whose name the first balls of the kind were called, was not good . It is singular to remark that in the first introduction of the gutta-percha balls, superseding the leather and See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather compositions, they also the life of a man or woman. were called by the name of their first maker, " Gourlay." The general mode of manufacture of the rubber-cored ball, which is now everywhere in use, is interiorly, a hard core of gutta-percha or some other such substance; round this is See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound, by machinery, india-rubber See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread or strips at a high tension, and over all is an See also:

• OUTER

outer coat of gutta-percha . Some makers have tried to dispense with the See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel of hard substance, or to substitute for it kernels of some fluid or gelatinous substance, but in general the above is a sufficient, though rough, description of the mode of making all these balls .

Their superiority over the solid gutta-percha lies in their See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior resiliency . The effect is that they go much more lightly off the club . It is not so much in the tee-shots that this superiority is observed, as in the second shots, when the ball is lying badly; balls of the rubber-cored kind, with their greater liveliness, are more easy to raise in the air from a See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie of this kind . They also go remarkably well off the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron clubs, and thus make the game easier by placing the player within an iron shot of the hole at a distance at which he would have to use a wooden club if he were playing with a solid gutta-percha ball . They also tend to make the game more easy by the fact that if they are at all mis-hit they go much better than a gutta-percha ball similarly inaccurately struck . As a slight set-off against these qualities, the ball,because of the greater liveliness, is not quite so good for the short game as the solid ball; but on the whole its advantages distinctly overbalance its disadvantages . When these balls were first put on the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market they were sold at two shillings each and even, when the supply was quite unequal to the demand, at a greater deal higher See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, rising to as much as a See also:

• GUINEA

guinea a ball . But the normal price, until about a year after the decision in the British courts of law affirming that there was no patent in the balls, was always two shillings for the best quality of ball . Subsequently there was a reduction down to one shilling for the balls made by many of the manufacturing companies, though in 1910 the rise in the price of rubber sent up the cost . The rubber-cored ball does not go out of shape so quickly as the gutta-percha solid ball and does not show other marks of ill-usage with the club so obviously . It has had the effect of making the game a good deal easier for the second- and third-class players, favouring especially those who were short drivers with the old gutta-percha ball . To the best players it has made the least difference, nevertheless those who were best with the old ball are also best with the new; its effect has merely been to bring the second, third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth best closer to each other and to the best .

Incidentally, the question of the expense of the game has been touched on in this See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the new balls . There is no doubt that the balls themselves tend to a greater economy, not only because of their own superior durability but also because, as a consequence of their greater resiliency, they are not nearly so hard on the clubs, and the clubs themselves being perhaps made of better material than used to be given to their manufacture, the total effect is that a man's necessary annual See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure on them is very small indeed even though he plays See also:

• PRETTY

pretty constantly . Four or five rounds are not more than the average of golfers will make an india-rubber cored ball last them, so that the outlay on the weapons is very moderate . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the expenditure of the clubs on their courses has increased and tends to increase . Demands are more insistent than they used to be for a well kept course, for perfectly mown greens, renewed teeing grounds and so on, and probably. the modern golfer is a good deal more luxurious in his clubhouse wants than his See also:

• FATHER

father used to be . This means a big See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of servants and workers on the green, and to meet this a rather heavy subscription is required . Such a subscription as five guineas added to a ten or fifteen guinea entrance See also:

• FEE

fee is not uncommon, and even this is very moderate compared with the subscriptions to some of the dubs in the United States, where a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred dollars a year, or Twenty pounds of our money, is not unusual . But on the whole golf is a very economical pastime, as compared with almost 223 any other sport or pastime which engages the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of Britons, and it is a pastime for all the year round, and for all Glossary of Technical Terms used in the Game . Addressing the Ball.—Putting oneself in position to strike the ball . All Square.—See also:

• TERM

Term used to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express that the score stands level, neither side being a hole up . Baff.—To strike the ground with the club when playing, and so See also:

• LOFT (connected with " lift," i.e. raised in the air; O. Eng. lyft; cf. Ger. Luft; the French term is grenier and Ger. Boden)

loft the ball unduly . Baffy.—A short wooden club, with laid-back See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, for lofting shots .

Bogey.—The number of strokes which a good average player should take to each hole . This imaginary player is usually known as " Colonel Bogey," and plays a fine game . Brassy.—A wooden club with a See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole . Bulger.—A See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver in which the face " bulges " into a See also:

• CONVEX

convex shape . The head is shorter than in the older-fashioned driver . Bunker.—A sand-See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit . Bye.—The holes remaining after one side has become more holes up than remain for play . Caddie.—The person who carries, the clubs . Diminutive of " cad "; cf. laddie (from Fr. See also:

• CADET (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. capitettum, a diminutive of caput, head, through the Provencal form capdet)

cadet) . Cleek.—The iron-headed club that is capable of the farthest drive of any of the clubs with iron heads . Cup.—A depression in the ground causing the ball to lie badly . Dead.—A ball is said to be " dead " when so near the hole that the putting it in in the next stroke is a " dead " certainty .

A ball is said to " fall dead " when it pitches with hardly any run . Divot.—A piece of turf cut out in the act of playing, which, be it noted, should always be replaced before the player moves on . Dormy.—One side- is said to be " dormy " when it is as many holes to the good as remain to be played—so that it cannot be beaten . Driver.—The longest See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving club, used when the ball lies very well and a long shot is needed . Foozle.—Any very badly missed or bungled stroke . " Fore ! "—A cry of warning to people in front . Foursome.—A match in which four persons engage, two on each side playing alternately with the same ball . Green.—(a) The links as a whole; (b) the " putting-greens " around the holes . Grip.—(a) The See also:

• PART

part of the club-See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft which is held in the hands while playing; (b) the grasp itself—e.g . " a See also:

• FIRM

firm grip," " a loose grip," are common expressions . Half -Shot.—A shot played with something less than a full See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing .

Halved.—A hole is ' halved " when both sides have played it in the same number of strokes . A round is " halved " when each side has won and lost the same number of holes . See also:

• HANDICAP

Handicap.—The strokes which a player receives either in match play or competition . See also:

• HANGING

Hanging.—Said of a ball that lies on a slope inclining downwards in regard to the direction in which it is wished to drive . See also:

• HAZARD (0. Fr. hazard, from Span. czar, unlucky throw at dice, misfortune, from Arab. al, and zar, dice)

Hazard.—A general term for bunker, whin, long grass, roads and all kinds of bad ground . See also:

• HEEL

Heel.—To hit the ball on the " heel " of the club, i.e. the part of the face nearest the shaft, and so send the ball to the right, with the same result as from a slice . Honour.—The See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege (which its holder is not at liberty to decline) of striking off first from the tee . Iron.—An iron-headed club intermediate between the cleek and lofting mashie . There are driving irons and lofting irons according to the purposes for which they are intended . Lie.—(a) The See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the club-head with the shaft (e.g. a " See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat lie," " an upright lie ") ; (b) the position of the ball on the ground (e.g . " a good lie," " a bad lie ") . Like, The.—The stroke which makes the player's score equal to his opponent's in course of playing a hole .

Like-as-we-Lie.—Said when both sides have played the same number of strokes . See also:

• LINE

Line.—The direction in which the hole towards which the player is progressing lies with reference to the See also:

• PRESENT

present position of his ball . Mashie.—An iron club with a short head . The lofting mashie has the blade much laid back, for playing a short lofting shot . The driving mashie has the blade less laid back, and is used for longer, less lofted shots . Match-Play.—Play in which the score is reckoned by holes won and lost . Medal-Play.—Play in which the score is reckoned by the total of strokes taken on the round . Niblick.—A short stiff club with a short, laid back, iron head, used for getting the ball out of a very bad lie . See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

Odd, The.—A stroke more than the opponent has played . See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press.—To strive to hit harder than you can hit with accuracy . Pull.—To hit the ball with- a pulling See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the club, so as to make it See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve to the See also:

• LEFT

left . Putt.—To play the short strokes near the hole (pronounced as in " but ") .

Putter.—The club used for playing the short strokes near the hole . Some have a wooden head, some an iron head . Rub-of-the-Green.—Any See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance deflection that the ball receives as it goes along . Run Up.—To send the ball See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the ground in approaching the hole—opposite to lofting it up . Scratch Player.—Player who receives no odds in handicap competitions . Slice.—To hit the ball with a cut across it, so that it flies curving to the right . Stance.—(a) The place on which the player has to stand when playing—e.g." a bad stance," " a good stance," are common expressions; (b) the position relative to each other of the player's feet . Stymie.—When one ball lies in a straight line between another and the hole the first is said to " stymie," or " to be a stymie to " the other—from an old Scottish word given by See also:

• JAMIESON, JOHN (1759-1838)
• JAMIESON, ROBERT (c. 1780-1844)

Jamieson to mean " the faintest form of anything." The idea probably was, the " stymie" only left you the " faintest form " of the hole to aim at . Tee.—The little mound of sand on which the ball is generally placed for the first drive to each hole . Teeing-Ground.—The place marked as the limit, outside of which it is not permitted to drive the ball off . This marked-out ground is also sometimes called " the tee." See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

Top.—To hit the ball above the centre, so that it does not rise much from the ground . Up.—A player is said to be " one up," " two up," &c., when he is so many holes to the good of his opponent .

See also:

• WRIST

Wrist-Shot.—A shot less in length than a half-shot, but longer than a putt .