See also:

• GONFALON (the late French and Italian form, also found in other Romanic languages, of gonfanon, which is derived from the O.H. Ger. gundfano, gund, war, and fano, flag, cf. Mod. Ger. Fahne, and English " vane ")

GONFALON (the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, also found in other Romanic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, of gonfanon, which is derived from the O.H. Ger. gundfano, gund, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and See also:

• FANO (anc. Fanum Fortunae, q.v.)

fano, See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag, cf. Mod. Ger. Fahne, and See also:

• ENGLISH

English " See also:

• VANE (formerly spelt " fane," i.e. pennon, flag; cf. Ger. Feline, Du. vaan, Fr. girouette, Ital. banderuola, Ger. Wellerfahne)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1589-1654)
• VANE, SIR HENRY (1613-1662)

vane ")  , a banner or See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . It took the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a small pennon attached below° the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight's See also:

• LANCE

lance, or when used in religious processions ' and ceremonies, or as the banner of a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city or See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or military See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, it became a many-streamered rectangular See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign, frequently swinging from a See also:

• CROSS

cross-See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar attached to a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole . This is the most frequent use of the word . The See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " gonfalonier," the See also:

• BEARER

bearer of the See also:

• GONFALON (the late French and Italian form, also found in other Romanic languages, of gonfanon, which is derived from the O.H. Ger. gundfano, gund, war, and fano, flag, cf. Mod. Ger. Fahne, and English " vane ")

gonfalon, was in the middle ages both military and See also:

• CIVIL

civil . Jt was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Vexin, as leaders of themen of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis, and when the Vexin was incorporated in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the title of Gonfalonier de Sant Denis passed to the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of France, who thus became the bearers of the " oriflamme," as the banner of St Denis was called . " Gonfalonier " was the title of civic magistrates of various degrees of authority in many of the city republics of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, notably of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, Sienna and See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca . At Florence the functions of the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office varied . At first the gonfaloniers were the leaders of the various military divisions of the inhabitants . In 1293 was created the office of gonfalonier of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, who carried out the orders of the signiory . By the end of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the gonfalonier was the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the signiory . At Lucca he was the chief See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . At See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome two gonfaloniers must be distinguished, that of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and that of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PEOPLE

people; both offices were conferred by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope .

The first was usually granted to sovereigns, who were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to defend the church and See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead her armies . The second See also:

• BORE

bore a standard with the letters S.P.Q.R. on any enterprise undertaken in the name of the church and the people of Rome, and also at ceremonies, processions, &c . This was granted by the pope to distinguished families . Thus the Cesarini held the office till the end of the 17th century . The Pamphili held it from 1686 till 1764 .