JOHANN See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH VON See also:

• JOHANN JOSEPH VON GORRES (1776-1848)

GORRES (1776-1848)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 25th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1776, at See also:

• COBLENZ (KOBLENZ)

Coblenz . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of moderate means, who sent his son to a Latin See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college under the direction of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . The sympathies of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• GORRES, JOHANN JOSEPH VON (1776-1848)

Gorres were from the first strongly with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution, and the dissoluteness and irreligion of the French exiles in the Rhineland confirmed him in his hatred of princes . He harangued the revolutionary clubs, and insisted on the unity of interests which should ally all civilized states to one another . He then commenced a republican See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal called Das rote Blatt, and afterwards Rubezahl, in which he strongly condemned the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the Rhenish provinces by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Campo Formio (1797) there was some See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that the Rhenish provinces would be constituted into an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . In 1799 the provinces sent an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy, of which Gorres was a member, to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to put their See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case before the See also:

• DIRECTORY

directory . The embassy reached Paris on the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1799; two days before this See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon had assumed the supreme direction of affairs . After much delay the embassy was received by him; but the only See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer they obtained was " that they might rely on perfect See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, and that the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government would never lose sight of their wants." Gorres on his return published a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract called Result See also:

• ATE

ate meiner Sendung nach Paris, in which he reviewed the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the French Revolution . During the thirteen years of Napoleon's dominion Gorres lived a retired See also:

• LIFE

life, devoting himself chiefly to See also:

• ART

art or See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . In 1801 he married See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de See also:

• LASAULX, ARNOLD CONSTANTIN PETER FRANZ VON (1839—1886)

Lasaulx, and was for some years teacher at a secondary school in Coblenz; in r8o6 he moved to See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, where'he lectured at the university . As a leading member of the Heidelberg Romantic See also:

• GROUP

group, he edited together with K .

See also:

• BRENTANO, KLEMENS (1778-1842)
• BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH [called Lujo]

Brentano and L. von See also:

• ARNIM, ELISABETH (BETTINA) VON (1785-1859)
• ARNIM, HARRY KARL KURT EDUARD VON, COUNT (1824-1881)
• ARNIM, LUDWIG ACHIM (JOACHIM) VON (1781-1831)

Arnim the famous Zeitung See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Einsiedler (subsequently re-named Trost-Einsamkeit), and in 1807 he published See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die teutschen Volksbiicher . He returned to Coblenz in 18o8, and again found occupation as a teacher in a secondary school, supported by civic funds . He now studied See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian, and in two years published a Mythengeschichte der asiatischen Welt,which was followed ten years later by Das See also:

• HELDENBUCH, DAS

Heldenbuch von See also:

• IRAN

Iran, a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• PART

part of the Shahnama, the epic of Firdousi . In 1813 he actively took up the cause of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and in the following See also:

• YEAR

year founded Der rheinische Merkur . The intense earnestness of the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, the bold outspokenness of its hostility to Napoleon, and its fiery eloquence secured for it almost instantly a position and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence unique in the history of German See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers . Napoleon himself called it la cinquieme puissance . The ideal it insisted on was a See also:

• UNITED

united See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, with a representative government, but under an See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor after the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of other days,—for Gorres now abandoned his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early advocacy of republicanism . When Napoleon was at See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba, Gorres wrote an imaginary See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation issued by him to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, the intense See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony of which was so well veiled that many Frenchmen mistook it for an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original utterance of the emperor . He inveighed bitterly against the second peace of Paris (1815), declaring that See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace and See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine should have been demanded back from France . See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein was glad enough to use the Merkur at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna as a vehicle for giving expression to his hopes . But See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg, in May 1815, warned Gorres to remember that he was not to arouse hostility against France, but only against See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte . There was also in the Merkur an antipathy to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, a continual expression of the See also:

• DESIRE

desire that an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince should assume the imperial See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, and'also a tendency to pronounced liberalism—all of which made it most distasteful to Hardenberg, and to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III .

Gorres disregarded warnings sent to him by the censorship and continued the paper in all its fierceness . Accordingly it was suppressed early in 1816, at the instance of the Prussian government; and soon after Gorres was dismissed from his See also:

• POST

post as teacher at Coblenz . From this time his writings were his See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole means of support, and he became a most diligent See also:

• POLITICAL

political pamphleteer . In the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild excitement which followed See also:

• KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761–1819)
• KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON (1787–1846)

Kotzebue's assassination, the reactionary decrees of See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad were framed, and these were the subject of Gorres's celebrated pamphlet Teutschland and die Revolution (182o) . In this See also:

• WORK

work he reviewed the circumstances which had led to the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Kotzebue, and, while expressing all possible horror at the See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed itself, he urged that it was impossible and undesirable to repress the See also:

• FREE

free utterance of public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion by reactionary See also:

• MEASURES

measures . The success of the work was very marked, despite its ponderous See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . It was suppressed by the Prussian government, and orders were issued for the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of Gorres and the seizure of his papers . He escaped to See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg, and thence went to Switzer-See also:

• LAND

land . Two more political tracts, See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa and die Revolution 0821) and In Sachen der Rheinprovinzen and in eigener Angelegenheit (1822), also deserve mention . In Gorres's pamphlet Die heilige Allianz and die Volker auf dem Kongress zu See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona he asserted that the princes had met together to crush the liberties of the people, and that the people must look elsewhere for help . The " elsewhere " was to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome; and from this time Gorres became a vehement Ultramontane writer . He was summoned to See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich by King See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria as See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor of History in the university, and there his See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing enjoyed very See also:

• GREAT

great popularity .

His Christliche Mystik (1836-1842) gave a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints, together with an exposition of Roman Catholic See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism . But his most celebrated ultramontane work was a polemical one . Its occasion was the deposition and imprisonment by the Prussian government of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus, in consequence of the refusal of that See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

prelate to See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction in certain instances the marriages of Protestants and Roman Catholics . Gorres in his See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius (1837) fiercely upheld the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, although the liberals of later date who have claimed Gorres as one of their own school deny that he ever insisted on the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute supremacy of Rome . Athanasius went through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and originated a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter controversy . In the Historischpolitische Bl¢tter, a Munich journal, Gorres and his son Guido (1805–1852) continually upheld the claims of the church . Gorres received from the king the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of merit for his services . He died on the 29th of January 1848 . Gorres's Gesammelte Schriften (only his political writings) appeared in six volumes (1854-186o), to which three volumes of Gesammelte Briefe were subsequently added (1858-1874) . Cp . J . See also:

• GALLAND, ANTOINE (1646-1715)

Galland, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph von Gorres (1876, 2nd ed .

1877); J . N . Sepp, Gorres and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Zeitgenossen (1877), and by the same author, Gorres, in the series Geisteshelden (1896) . A Gorres-Gesellschaft was founded in 1876 .