GOTLAND  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the Baltic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea belonging to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, lying between 57° and 58° N., and having a length from S . S . W. to N.N.E. of 75 m., a breadth not exceeding 30 m., and an See also:

• AREA

area of 1142 sq. m . The nearest point on the mainland is 5o M. from the westernmost point of the island . With the island F$ro, off the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern extremity; the Karlsoe, off the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and Gotska Sando, 25 M . N. by E., Gotland forms the administrative See also:

• DISTRICT

district (lan) of Gotland . The island is a level See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau of See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, rising gently eastward, of an See also:

• AVERAGE

average height of 8o to too ft., with steep coasts fringed with tapering, See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• STANDING

standing columns of limestone (raukar) . A few See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low isolated hills rise inland . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is temperate, and the See also:

• SOIL

soil, although in parts dry and sterile, is mostly fertile . Former marshy See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

moors have been largely drained and cultivated . There are extensive See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• DUNES

dunes in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . As usual in a limestone formation, some of the streams have their courses partly below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and caverns are not infrequent .

Less than See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• TOTAL

total area is under See also:

• FOREST

forest, the extent of which was formerly much greater . See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

Barley, See also:

• RYE

rye, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and oats are grown, especially the first, which is exported to the breweries on the mainland . The See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• BEET

beet is also produced and exported, and there are beet-sugar See also:

• WORKS

works on the island . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are kept; there is a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government sheep See also:

• FARM

farm at See also:

• ROMA

Roma, and the cattle may be noted as belonging principally to an old native breed, yellow and horned . Some See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-burning, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement-making and sea-fishing are carried on . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the island is See also:

• VISBY, or WISBY

Visby, on the west coast . There are over 8o m. of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . Lines run from Visby N.E. to Tingstade and S. to Hofdhem, with branches from Roma to Klintehamn, a small watering-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the west coast, and to Slitehamn on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . Excepting along the coast the island has no scenic attraction, but it is of the highest archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Nearly every See also:

• VILLAGE

village has its ruined See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, and others occur where no villages remain . The shrunken walled See also:

• TOWN

town of Visby was one of the richest commercial centres of the Baltic from the 11th to the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and its prosperity wa's shared by the, whole island . It retains ten churches besides the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral .

The massive towers of the village churches are often detached, and doubtless served purposes of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . The churches of Roma, Hemse, with remarkable mural paintings, Othen and Larbo may be specially noted . Some contain See also:

• FINE

fine stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, as at Dalhem near Visby . The natives of Gotland speak a See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect distinguished from that of any See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish mainland . .Pop. of lan (1900) 52,781 . Gotland was subject to Sweden before 890, and in 1030 was christianized by St See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, when returning from his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile at See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev . He dedicated the first church in the island to St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter at Visby . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Visby had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been one of the most important trading towns in the Baltic, and the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief distributing centre of the See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce which came to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe along the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League, or about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 13th century, it became the chief See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot for the produce of the eastern Baltic countries, including, in a commercial sense, its daughter See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony (ISth century or earlier) of See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod the See also:

• GREAT

Great . Although Visby was an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent member of the Hanseatic League, the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Ltibeck was See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and half its governing See also:

• BODY

body were men of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German descent . Indeed, Bjorkander endeavours to prove that the city was a German (Hanseatic) See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, dating principally from the middle of the 12th century . However that may be, the importance of Visby in the sea See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of the North is conclusively attested by the famous See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of maritime See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law which bears its name .

This Waterrecht dat de Kooplude en de Schippers gemakt hebben to Visby (" sea-law which the merchants and See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen have made at Visby ") was a compilation based upon the Ltibeck code, the See also:

• OLERON

Oleron code and the See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam code, and was first printed in Low German in 1505, but in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability had its origin about 1240, or not much later (see SEA See also:

• LAWS

LAWS) . By the middle of the 14th century the reputation of the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the city was so great that, according to an old ballad, " the Gotlanders weighed out See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold with See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone weights and played with the choicest jewels . The See also:

• SWINE

swine See also:

• ATE

ate out of See also:

• SILVER

silver troughs, and the See also:

• WOMEN

women spun with distaffs of gold." This fabled wealth was too strong a temptation for the energetic Valdemar Atterdag of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark .. In 1361 he invaded the island, routed the defenders of Visby under the city walls (a monolithic See also:

• CROSS

cross marks the See also:

• BURIAL

burial-place of the islanders who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell) and plundered the city . From this See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow it never recovered, its decay being, however, materially helped by the fact that for the greater part of the next 150 years it was the stronghold of successive freebooters or sea-rovers-first, of the Hanseatic privateers called Vitalienbrodre or Viktualienbriider, who made it their stronghold during the last eight years of the 14th century; then of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic Knights, whose See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master drove out the " Victuals See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers," and kept the island until it was redeemed by See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret . There too Erik XIII . (the Pomeranian), after being driven out of Denmark by his own subjects, established himself in 1437, and for a dozen years waged piracy upon Danes and Swedes alike . After him came Olaf and Ivar Thott, two Danish lords, who down to the See also:

• YEAR

year 1487 terrorized the seas from their pirates' stronghold of Visby . Lastly, the Danish See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral Soren Norrby, the last supporter of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian I. of Denmark, when his master's cause was lost, waged a See also:

• GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war upon the Danish See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant See also:

• SHIPS

ships and others from the same convenient See also:

• BASE

base . But this led to an expedition by the men of See also:

• LUBECK

Lubeck, who partly destroyed Visby in 1525 . By the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin (1570) Gotland was confirmed to the Danish See also:

• CROWN

crown, to which it had been given by Queen Margaret . But at the peace of Bromsebro in 1645 it was at length restored to Sweden, to which it has since belonged, except for the three years.1676-1679, when it was forcibly occupied by the Danes, and a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks in 18o8, when the Russians landed a force .

The extreme wealth of the Gotlanders naturally fostered a spirit of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and their relations with Sweden were curious . The island at one See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period paid an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute of 6o marks of silver to Sweden, but it was clearly recognized that it was paid by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire of the Gotlanders, and not enforced by Sweden . The See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope recognized their independence, and it was by their own free will that they came under the spiritual See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• LINKOPING

Linkoping . Their See also:

• LOCAL

local government was republican in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and a popular See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly is indicated in the written Gotland Law, which See also:

• DATES

dates not later than the middle of the 13th century . Sweden had no rights of objection to the See also:

• MEASURES

measures adopted by this body, and there was no Swedish See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge or other See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official in the island . Visby had a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of government and rights independent of, and in some measure opposed to, that of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the island . It seems clear that there were at one time two See also:

• SEPARATE

separate corporations, for the native Gotlanders and the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign traders respectively, and that these were subsequently fused . The rights and status of native Gotlanders were not enjoyed by foreigners as a whole-even intermarriage was illegal—but Germans, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their commercial pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence in the island, were excepted . See C . H . See also:

• BERGMAN, TORBERN OLOF (1735-1784)

Bergman, Gotlands geografi och historic (See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, 1898) and Gotlandska skildringar och minnen (Visby, 1902) ; A . T .

Snobohm, Gotlands See also:

• LAND

land och folk (Visby, 1897 et seq.) ; W . Moler, Bidrag till en Gotlandsk bibliografi (Stockholm, 1890) ; Hans See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, Visby och Bess Minnesmarken (Stockholm, 1892 et seq.); A . Bjorkander, Till Visby Stads Aeldsta Historia (1898), where most of the literature dealing with the subject is mentioned; but some of the author's arguments require See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism . For local government and rights see K . See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, Stadter and Gilden See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Mittelalter (See also:

• BOOK

book iii. ch. iii., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1891) .