GOTTINGEN  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, in the Prussian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover, pleasantly situated at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Hainberg (1200 ft.), in the broad and fertile valley of the Leine, 67 m . S. from Hanover, on the railway to See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel . Pop . (1875) 17,057, (1905) 34,030 . It is traversed by the Leine See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, which separates the Altstadt from the See also:

• NEUSTADT (Polish, Prudnik)

Neustadt and from Masch, and is surrounded by ramparts, which are planted with See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-trees and See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an agreeable See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade . The streets in the older See also:

• PART

part of the town are for the most part crooked and narrow, but the newer portions are spaciously and regularly built . Apart from the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant churches of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, with twin towers, and of St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, with a high See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (290 ft.), the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, built in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and restored in 188o, and the numerous university buildings, Gottingen possesses few structures of any public importance . There are several thriving See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, including; besides the various branches of the See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, the manu-' facture of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and woollens and of mathematical and other scientific See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . The university, the famous See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta, founded by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George II. in 1734 and opened in 1737, rapidly attained a leading position, and in 1823 its students numbered 1547 . See also:

• POLITICAL

Political disturbances, in which both professors and students were See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im- See also:

• GOTTLING, CARL WILHELM (1793-1869)

GOTTLING plicated, lowered the attendance to 86o in 1834 . The See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion in 1837 of the famous seven professors—See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Gottinger Sieben—viz. the Germanist, Wilhelm Eduard Albrecht (1800-1876); the historian, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Christoph See also:

• DAHLMANN, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1785-186o)

Dahlmann (1785-186o); the orientalist, Georg Heinrich See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald (1803-1875); the historian, Georg Gottfried See also:

• GERVINUS, GEORG GOTTFRIED (18os–1871)

Gervinus (1805-1875); the physicist, Wilhelm Eduard See also:

• WEBER, CARL MARIA FRIEDRICH ERNEST VON (1786–1826)
• WEBER, WILHELM EDUARD (1804-1891)

Weber (1804-1891); and the philologists, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Karl See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm (1785-1863), and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (1786-1859),— for protesting against the revocation by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Ernest See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus of . Hanover of the liberal constitution of 1833, further reduced the prosperity of the university .

The events of 1848, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, told somewhat in its favour; and, since the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Hanover in 1866, it has been carefully fostered by the Prussian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . In 1903 its teaching See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff numbered 121 and its students 1529 . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main university See also:

• BUILDING

building lies on the Wilhelmsplatz, and, adjoining, is the famous library of 500,000 vols. and 5300 See also:

• MSS

MSS., the richest collection of See also:

• MODERN

modern literature in Germany . There is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good chemical laboratory as well as adequate zoological, ethnographical and mineralogical collections, the most remark-able being See also:

• BLUMENBACH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1752–1840)

Blumenbach's famous collection of skulls in the anatomical See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute . There are also a celebrated See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long under the direction of Wilhelm Klinkerfues (1827-1884), a botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden, an agricultural institute and various hospitals, all connected with the university . Of the scientific See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies the most noted is the Royal Society of Sciences (Konigliche Sozietat der Wissenschaften) founded by Albrecht von See also:

• HALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708–1777)
• HALLER, BERTHOLD (1492–1536)

Haller, which is divided into three classes, the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical, the mathematical and the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical-philological . It See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 8o members and publishes the well-known Gottingische gelehrte Anzeigen . There are monuments in the town to the mathematicians K . F . See also:

• GAUSS, KARL FRIEDRICH (1777-1855)

Gauss and W . E . Weber, and also to the poet G .

A . See also:

• BURGER, GOTTFRIED AUGUST (1748-1794)

Burger . The earliest mention of a See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Goding or Gutingi occurs in documents of about 950 A.D . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place received municipal rights from the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German king See also:

• OTTO

Otto IV. about 1210, and from 1286 to 1463 it was the seat of the princely See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick-Gottingen . During the 14th century it held a high place among the towns of the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

League . In 1531 it joined the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, and in the following century it suffered considerably in the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, being taken by See also:

• TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632)

Tilly in 1626, after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of 25 days, and recaptured by the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons in 1632 . After a century of decay, it was anew brought into importance by the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of its university; and a marked increase in its See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and commercial prosperity has again taken place in See also:

• RECENT

recent years . Towards the end, of the 18th century Gottingen was the centre of a society of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young poets of the See also:

• STURM
• STURM, JULIUS (1816-1896)

Sturm and Drang See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of German literature, known as the Gottingen Dichterbund or Hainbund (see GERMANY: Literature) . See Freusdorff, Gottingen in Vergangenheit and Gegenwart (Gottingen, 1887) ; the Urkundenbuch der Stadt Gottingen, edited by G . See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, A . Hasseiblatt and G . Kastner; Unger, Gottingen and die Georgia Augusta (1861); and Gottinger Prof essoren (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1872); and O .

Mejer, Kulturgeschichtliche Bilder aus Gottingen (1889) .