GOTTESCALE] See also:

• GOTTESCALE] GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS (c. 808-867?)

GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS (c. 808-867?)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born near See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, and was devoted (oblatus) from See also:

• INFANCY

infancy by his parents, his See also:

• FATHER

father was a Saxon, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern,—to the monastic See also:

• LIFE

life . He was trained at the monastery of See also:

• FULDA

Fulda, then under the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot Hrabanus Maurus, and became the friend of Walafrid See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo and Loup of Ferrieres . In See also:

• JUNE

June 829, at the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of Mainz, on the pretext that he had been unduly constrained by his abbot, he sought and obtained his See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, withdrew first to See also:

• CORBIE (Lat. corvus)

Corbie; where he met See also:

• RATRAMNUS (d. c. 868)

Ratramnus, and then to the monastery of Orbais in the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons . There he studied St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, with the result that he became an enthusiastic believer in the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• PREDESTINATION (from Late Lat. praedestinare, to deter-mine beforehand; from the root sta, as in stare, stand)

predestination, in one point going beyond his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master—See also:

• GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS, GOTTESCALE], (c. 808-867?)

Gottschalk believing in a predestination to condemnation as well as in a predestination to salvation, while Augustine had contented himself with the doctrine of preterition as complementary to the doctrine of See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . Between 835 and 84o Gottschalk was ordained See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, without the knowledge of his See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, by Rigbold, chorepiscopus of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims . Before 84o, deserting his monastery, he went to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, preached there his doctrine of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double predestination, and entered into relations with Notting, bishop of See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona, and See also:

• EBERHARD
• EBERHARD, CHRISTIAN AUGUST GOTTLOB (1769-1845)
• EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUSTUS (1739-1809)

Eberhard, count of See also:

• FRIULI (in the local dialect, Furlanei)

Friuli . Driven from Italy through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Hrabanus Maurus, now See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Mainz, who wrote two violent letters to Notting and Eberhard, he travelled through See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, See also:

• PANNONIA

Pannonia and Norica, but continued See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 848 he presented to the synod at Mainz a profession of faith and a refutation of the ideas expressed by Hrabanus Maurus in his See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Notting . He was convicted, however, of See also:

• HERESY

heresy, beaten, obliged to swear that he would never again enter the territory of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the German, and handed over to See also:

• HINCMAR (c. 805-882)

Hincmar, archbishop of Reims, who sent him back to his monastery at Orbais . The next See also:

• YEAR

year at a provincial See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council at See also:

• QUIERZY [KIERSY], CAPITULARY OF

Quierzy, presided over by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bald, he attempted to justify his ideas, but was again condemned as a heretic and disturber of the public See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, was degraded from the priesthood, whipped, obliged to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn his See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of faith, and shut up in the monastery of Hautvilliers . There Hincmar tried again to induce him to retract . Gottschalk however continued to defend his doctrine, writing to his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and to the most eminent theologians of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany .

A See also:

• GREAT

great controversy resulted . See also:

• PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS (348-c. 410)

Prudentius, bishop of See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, Wenilo of See also:

• SENS

Sens, Ratramnus of Corbie, Loup of Ferrieres and See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons wrote in his favour . Hincmar wrote De praedestinatione and De una non trina deitate against his views, but gained little aid from Johannes Scotus.See also:

• ERIGENA, JOHANNES SCOTUS (c. 800-c. 877)

Erigena, whom he had called in as an authority . The question was discussed at the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of Kiersy (853), of See also:

• VALENCE

Valence (855) and of Savonnieres (859) . Finally the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas I. took up the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, and summoned Hincmar to the council of See also:

• METZ

Metz (863) . Hincmar either could not or would not appear, but declared that Gottschalk might go to defend himself before the pope . Nothing came of this, however, and when Hincmar learned that Gottschalk had fallen See also:

• ILL

ill, he forbade him the sacraments or See also:

• BURIAL

burial in consecrated ground unless he would recant . This Gottschalk refused to do . He died on the 30th of October between 866 and 87o . Gottschalk was a vigorous and See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thinker, but also of a violent temperament, incapable of discipline or moderation in his ideas as in his conduct . He was less an innovator than a reactionary . Of his many See also:

• WORKS

works we have only the two professions of faith (cf .

See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, PalrologiaLatina, cxxi. c . 347 et seq.), and some poems, edited by L . Traube in Monumenta Germaniae historica: Poetae See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini aevi Carolini (t . 707-738) . Some fragments of his theological See also:

• TREATISES

treatises have been preserved in the writings of Hincmar, Erigena, Ratramnus and Loup of Ferrieres . From the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, when the Jansenists exalted Gottschalk, much has been written on him . Mention may be made of two See also:

• RECENT

recent studies, F . Picavet, " See also:

• LES

Les Discussions sur la libert6 au temps See also:

• GOTTSCHED, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (1700-1766)

GOTTSCHED 279 de Gottschalk, de Raban Maur, d'Hincmar, et de See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot," in Comptes rendus de l'acad. See also:

• DES

des sciences morales et politiques (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1896) ; and A . Freystedt, " Studien zu Gottschalks Leben and Lehre," in Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Kirchengeschichie (1897), vol. xviii .