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JOHN ERNEST GRABE (1666-1711)

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Originally appearing in Volume V12, Page 307 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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JOHN ERNEST See also:GRABE (1666-1711)  , See also:Anglican divine, was See also:born on the loth of See also:July 1666, at See also:Konigsberg, where his See also:father, See also:Martin See also:Sylvester See also:Grabe, was See also:professor of See also:theology and See also:history . In his theological studies Grabe succeeded in persuading himself of the schismatical See also:character of the See also:Reformation, and accordingly he presented to the See also:consistory of See also:Samland in See also:Prussia a memorial in which he compared the position of the evangelical See also:Protestant churches with that of the Novatians and other See also:ancient schismatics . He had resolved to join the See also:Church of See also:Rome when a See also:commission of Lutheran divines pointed out flaws in his written See also:argument and called his See also:attention to the See also:English Church as apparently possessing that apostolic See also:succession and manifesting that fidelity to ancient institutions which he desired . He came to See also:England, settled in See also:Oxford, was ordained in 1700, and became See also:chaplain of See also:Christ Church . His inclination was towards the party of the See also:nonjurors . The learned labours to which the See also:remainder of his See also:life was devoted were rewarded with an Oxford degree and a royal See also:pension . He died on the 3rd of See also:November 1711, and in 1726 a See also:monument was erected to him by See also:Edward Harley, See also:earl of Oxford, in See also:Westminster See also:Abbey . He was buried in St Pancras Church, See also:London . Some See also:account of Grabe's life is given in R . See also:Nelson's Life of See also:George See also:Bull, and by George See also:Hickes in a discourse prefixed to the pamphlet against W . See also:Whiston's Collection of Testimonies against the True Deity of the Son and of the See also:Holy See also:Ghost . His See also:works, which show him Scipio in See also:Africa during the last Punic See also:war, and was the first to See also:mount the walls in the attack on See also:Carthage .

When See also:

quaestor in 137, he accompanied the See also:consul C . Hostilius Mancinus to See also:Spain . During the Numantine war the See also:Roman See also:army was saved from annihilation only by the efforts of Tiberius, with whom alone the Numantines consented to treat, out of respect for the memory of his father . The See also:senate refused to ratify the agreement; Mancinus was handed over to the enemy as a sign that it was annulled, and only See also:personal popularity saved Tiberius himself from See also:punishment . In 133 he was See also:tribune, and championed the impoverished See also:farmer class and the See also:lower orders . His proposals (see AGRARIAN See also:LAWS) met with violent opposition, and were not carried until he had, illegally and unconstitutionally, secured the deposition of his See also:fellow-tribune, M . Octavius, who had been persuaded by the optimates to See also:veto them . The senate put every obstacle in the way of the three commissioners appointed to carry out the provisions of the See also:law, and Tiberius, in view of the See also:bitter enmity he had aroused, saw that it was necessary to strengthen his hold on the popular favour . The See also:legacy to the Roman See also:people of the See also:kingdom and treasures of Attalus III. of See also:Pergamum gave him an opportunity . He proposed that the See also:money realized by the See also:sale of the treasures should be divided, for the See also:purchase of implements and stock, amongst those to whom assignments of See also:land had been made under the new law . He is also said to have brought forward See also:measures for shortening the See also:period of military service, for extending the right of See also:appeal from the judices to the people, for abolishing the exclusive See also:privilege of the senators to See also:act as jurymen, and even for admitting the See also:Italian See also:allies to citizenship . To strengthen his position further, Tiberius offered himself for re-See also:election as tribune for the following See also:year .

The senate declared that it was illegal to hold this See also:

office for two consecutive years; but Tiberius treated this objection with contempt . To win the sympathy of the people, he appeared in See also:mourning, and appealed for See also:protection for his wife and See also:children, and whenever he See also:left his See also:house ,he was accompanied by a bodyguard of 3000 men, chiefly consisting of the See also:city See also:rabble . The See also:meeting of the tribes for the election of tribunes See also:broke up in disorder on two successive days, without any result being attained, although on both occasions the first divisions voted in favour of Tiberius . A rumour reached the senate that he was aiming at supreme See also:power, that he had touched his See also:head with his See also:hand, a sign that he was asking for a See also:crown . An appeal to the consul P . Mucius See also:Scaevola to See also:order him to be put to See also:death at once having failed, P . Scipio Nasica exclaimed that Scaevola was acting treacherously towards the See also:state, and called upon those who agreed with him to take up arms and follow him . During the See also:riot that followed, Tiberius attempted to See also:escape, but stumbled on the slope of the Capitol and was beaten to death with the end of a See also:bench . At See also:night his See also:body, with those of 300 others, was thrown into the See also:Tiber . The See also:aristocracy boldly assumed the responsibility for what had occurred, and set up a commission to inquire into the See also:case of the partisans of Tiberius, many of whom were banished and others put to death . Even the moderate Scaevola subsequently maintained that Nasica was justified in his See also:action; and it was reported that Scipio, when he heard at See also:Numantia of his See also:brother-in-law's death, repeated the See also:line of See also:Homer—" So perish all who do the like again." See See also:Livy, Epit . 58; See also:Appian, See also:Bell. civ. i .

9-17; See also:

Plutarch, Tiberius See also:Gracchus; Vell . Pat. ii . 2, 3 . 5 . See also:GAius SEMPRONIUS GRACCHUS (153–121 B.C.), younger brother of (4), was a See also:man of greater abilities, bolder and more passionate, although possessed of considerable See also:powers of self-See also:control, and a vigorous and impressive orator . When twenty years of See also:age he was appointed one of the commissioners to carry out the See also:distribution of land under the provisions of his brother's agrarian law . At the See also:time of Tiberius's death, Gaius was serving under his brother-in-law Scipio in Spain, but probably returned to Rome in the following year (132) . In 131 he supported the See also:bill of C . Papirius See also:Carbo, the See also:object of which was to make it legal for a tribune to offer himself as See also:candidate for the office in two consecutive years, and thus to remove to have been learned and laborious but somewhat deficient in See also:critical acumen, include a Spicilegium SS . Patrum et haereticorum (1698-1699), which was designed to See also:cover the first three centuries of the See also:Christian church, but was not continued beyond the See also:close of the second . A second edition of this See also:work was published in 1714 . He brought out an edition of See also:Justin See also:Martyr's Apologia prima (1700), of See also:Irenaeus, Adversus omnes haereses (1702), of the See also:Septuagint, and of See also:Bishop Bull's Latin works (1703) .

His edition of the Septuaint was based on the Codex Alexandrinus; it appeared in 4 volumes 1707-1720), , and was completed by See also:

Francis See also:Lee and by George See also:Wigan .

End of Article: JOHN ERNEST GRABE (1666-1711)
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