See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

GRACE (Fr. grace, See also:

• LAT

Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)  , a word of many shades of meaning, but always connoting the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of favour, whether that in which one stands to others or that which one shows to others . The New See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups the meanings of the word under three See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main heads: (I) Pleasing quality, gracefulness, (2) favour, See also:

• GOODWILL

goodwill, (3) gratitude, thanks . It is in the second See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sense of " favour bestowed " that the word has its most important connotations . In this sense it means something given by See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior authority as a concession made of favour and goodwill, not as an See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation or of right . Thus, a concession may be made by a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign or other public authority " by way of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace." Previous to the Revolution of 1688 such concessions on the See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CROWN

crown were known in constitutional See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law as " See also:

• GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

Graces." " Letters of Grace " (gratiae, gratiosa rescripta) is the name given to papal rescripts granting See also:

• SPECIAL

special privileges, indulgences, exemptions and the like . In the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities the word still survives in a See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of this sense . The word " grace " was originally a See also:

• DISPENSATION

dispensation granted by the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation of the university, or by one of the faculties, from some statutable conditions required for a degree . In the English universities these conditions ceased to be enforced, and the " grace " thus became an essential preliminary to any degree; so that the word has acquired the meaning of (a) the See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence granted by congregation to take a degree, (b) other decrees of the governing See also:

• BODY

body (originally dispensations from statutes), all such degrees being called " graces " at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, (c) the permission which a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for a degree must obtain from his See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college or See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall . To this general sense of exceptional favour belong the uses of the word in such phrases as " do me this grace," " to be in some one's See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good graces " and certain meanings of " the grace of See also:

• GOD

God." The See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style " by the grace of God," See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland among other sovereigns, though, as implying the principle of " See also:

• LEGITIMACY

legitimacy," it has been since the Revolution sometimes qualified on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent by the addition of " and the will of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people," means in effect no more than the " by Divine See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence," which is the style borne by archbishops . To the same general sense of exceptional favour belong the phrases implying the concession of a right to delay in fulfilling certain obligations, e.g . " a fortnight's grace." In law the " days of grace " are the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period allowed for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of a See also:

• BILL

bill of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, after the See also:

• TERM

term for which it has been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn (in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England three days), or for the payment of an See also:

• INSURANCE

insurance See also:

• PREMIUM (Lat. praemium, profit, reward, prae+emere, to buy)

premium, &c . In religious language the " See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day of Grace " is the period still open to the sinner in which to repent .

In the sense of clemency or See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, too, " grace " is still, though rarely used: " an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of Grace " is a formal See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon or a See also:

• FREE

free and general pardon granted by act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . Since to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant favours is the See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative of the great, " Your Grace," " His Grace," &c., became dutiful paraphrases for the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple " you " and " he . " Formerly used in the royal address (" the King's Grace," &c.), the style is in England now confined to See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes and archbishops, though the style of " his most gracious See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty " is still used . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent, Euer Gnaden, is the style of princes who are not Durchlaucht (i.e . Serene See also:

• HIGHNESS

Highness), and is often used as a polite address to any superior . In the language of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, though in the English See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible the word is used in several of the above senses, " grace " (Gr . X&pcs) has special meanings . Above all, it signifies the spontaneous, unmerited activity of the Divine Love in the salvation of sinners, and the Divine See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence operating in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man for his regeneration and sanctification . Those thus regenerated and sanctified are said to be in a " See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of grace." In the New Testament grace is the forgiving mercy of God, as opposed to any human merit (Rom. xi . 6; Eph. ii . 5; See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col. i . 6, &c.); it is applied also to certain gifts of God freely bestowed , e.g. miracles, See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues, &c .

(Rom. xv . 15; 1 See also:

• COR

Cor. xv. so; Eph. iii . 8, &c.), to the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian virtues, gifts of God also, e.g. charity, holiness, &c . (2 Cor. viii . 7; 2 Pet. iii . 18) . It is also used of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel generally, as opposed to the Law (See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John i . 17; Rom. vi . 14; i Pet. v . 12, &c.); connected with this is the use of the term " See also:

• YEAR

year of grace " for a year of the Christian era . The word " grace " is the central subject of three great theological controversies: (1) that of the nature of human depravity and regeneration (see See also:

• PELAGIUS
• PELAGIUS (c. 360- c. 420)

PELAGIUS), (2) that of the relation between grace and free-will (see See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

CALVIN, JOHN, and See also:

• ARMINIUS
• ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609)

ARMINIUS, JACOnus), (3) that of the " means of grace " between Catholics and Protestants, i.e. whether the efficacy of the sacraments as channels of the Divine grace is ex opere operato or dependent on the faith of the recipient . In the third general sense, of thanks for favours bestowed, " grace " survives as the name for the thanksgiving before or after meals .

The word was originally used in the plural, and " to do, give, render, yield graces " was said, in the general sense of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French rendre graces or Latin gratias agere, of any giving thanks . The See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, and finally exclusive, association of the phrase " to say grace " with thanksgiving at meals was possibly due to the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula " Gratias Deo agamus " (" See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet us give thanks to God ") with which the ceremony began in monastic refectories . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of saying grace, which obtained in pre-Christian times among the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, and was adopted universally by Christian peoples, is probably less widespread in private houses than it used to be . It is, however, still maintained at public dinners and also in See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, colleges and institutions generally . Such graces are generally in Latin and of great antiquity: they arc sometimes See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, e.g . " Laus Deo," " See also:

• BENEDICTUS

Benedictus benedicat," and sometimes, as at the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and Cambridge colleges, of considerable length . In some countries grace has sunk to a polite formula; in Germany, e.g. it is usual before and after meals to See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow to one's neighbours and say " Gesegnete Malzeit ! " (May your See also:

• MEAL

meal be blessed), a phrase often reduced in practice to " Malzeit " simply .