GRADE B  . Metazoa . See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch a . Parazoa . Phylum' . Porifera (se- See also:

• SPONGES

SPONGES) . Sub-phylum' . Calcarea . Class . CALCAREA . Orders : Homocoela, Heteracoela . Sub-phylum 2 .

Non-Calcarea . Class I . MYXOSPONGIDA . See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order: Myxospongida . Class 2 . TRIAXONIDA (= HEXACTINELLIDA) . Orders: Amphidiscophora, Hexasterophora . Class 3 . TETRAXONIDA . Sub-Class' . Tetractinellida . Orders: Homosclerophora, Astrophora, Sigmatophora .

Sub-class 2 . Lithistida . No Orders . Sub-class 3 . Monaxonellida . Orders: Astromonaxonellida, Sigmatomonaxonel- lida . Class 4 . EUCERATOSA . Order: Euceratosa . Branch b . Enterozoa . Grade' .

ENTEROCOELA (see See also:

• COELENTERA

COELENTERA) . Phylum 2 . See also:

• HYDROMEDUSAE

Hydromedusae or See also:

• HYDROZOA

Hydrozoa (q.v.) . Class . HYDROMEDUSAE, (q.v.) . Orders: Eleutheroblastea, Hydroidae seu Leptolinae (Sub-orders: Anthomedusae, Leptomedusae), Hy- drocorallinae, Greptolitoidea Trachylinae (Sub- orders: Trachomedusae, Narcomedusae), Siphono- See also:

• PHORA

phora . Phylum 3 . See also:

• SCYPHOMEDUSAE

Scyphomedusae (q.v.) . Class . SCYPHOMEDUSAE . Orders: Cubomedusae, Stauromedusae, Coronata, Discophora . Phylum 4 .

See also:

• ANTHOZOA (i.e. " flower-animals ")

Anthozoa (q.v.) . Class . ANTHOZOA . Sub-class I . Alcyonaria . Orders: Stolonifera, Akyonacea, Pseudaxonia, Axifera, Stelechotokea, Coenothecalia . Sub-class 2 . Zoantharia . Orders: Zoanthidea, Cereanthidea, Antipathidea, Actiniidea (Sub-orders: Malacactinias and Scleractiniae or Madreporia) . Phylum 5 . See also:

• CTENOPHORA

Ctenophora . Class .

CTENOPHORA . Sub-class I . Tentaculata . Orders: Cydippidea, Lobata, Cestoidea . Sub-class 2 . Nuda . No Orders . Grade 2 . COELOMOCOELA . Phylum 6 . See also:

• PLATYELMIA

Platyelmia (q.v.) . Class I .

PLANARIA (see See also:

• PLANARIANS

PLANARIANS) . Order: Turbellaria . Class 2 . TEMNOCEPHALOIDEA (see appendix to PLANARIANS) . No Orders . Class 3 . TREMATODA (see See also:

• TREMATODES

TREMATODES) . Orders: Heterocotylea, Aspidocotylea, Malacocotylea . Class 4 . CESTODA (see See also:

• TAPEWORMS

TAPEWORMS) . Orders: Monozoa, Merozoa . Phylum 7 .

Nematoidea . Class' . See also:

• NEMATODA

NEMATODA (see NEMATODE) . No Orders . Class 2 . CHAETOSOMIDAE (see See also:

• CHAETOSOMATIDA

CHAETOSOMATIDA) . No Orders . Class 3 . See also:

• DESMOSCOLECIDA

DESMOSCOLECIDA (Q.V.) . No Orders . Class 4 . See also:

• NEMATOMORPHA

NEMATOMORPHA (Q.V.) .

No Orders . Phylum 8 . See also:

• CHAETOGNATHA

Chaetognatha (q.v.) . No Orders . Phylum 9 . See also:

• NEMERTINA, or NEMERTEANS (Nemerlea)

Nemertina . Class . NEMERTINA (q.v.) . Orders: Protonemertini, Mesonemertini, See also:

• META

Meta- nemertini, Heteronemertini . Phylum lo . See also:

• MOLLUSCA

Mollusca (q.v.) . Grade A .

ISOPLEURA . Class' . AMPHINEURA (see See also:

• CHITON

CHITON) . Orders: Polyplacophora, Aplacophora . Grade B . PRORHIPIDOGLOSSOMORPHA . Class 2 . See also:

• GASTROPODA

GASTROPODA (q.v.) . Sub-class I . Streptoneura . Orders: Aspidobranchia, Pectinibranchia . Sub-class 2 .

Euthyneura . Orders: Opisthobranchia, Pulmonata . Class 3 . See also:

• SCAPHOPODA

SCAPHOPODA (Q.V.) . No Orders . Class 4 . See also:

• LAMELLIBRANCHIA (Lat. lamella, a small or thin plate, and Gr. /3payxia, gills)

LAMELLIBRANCHIA (q.v.) . Orders: Protobranchia, Filibranchia, Eulamellibranchia, Septibranchia . Grade C . SIPHONOPODA . Class 5 . See also:

• CEPHALOPODA

CEPHALOPODA (q.v.) .

Orders : Tetrabranchia, Dibranchia . Phylum II . See also:

• APPENDICULATA

Appendiculata . Sub-phylum I . See also:

• ROTIFERA (or ROTATORIA)

Rotifera (q.v.) . Class . ROTIFERA . Orders : Aspianchnaceae, Melicertaceae, Trochosphaeraceae, Ploimoidaceae, Bdelloidaceae, Floscularaceae,Ploima, Seisonaceae . Sub-phylum 2 . See also:

• CHAETOPODA (Gr. xairq, hair, aous, foot)

Chaetopoda (q.v.) . Class I . See also:

• POLYCHAETA

POLYCHAETA .

Orders: Nereidiformia, Cryptocephala, Capitelliformia, Terebelliformia, Spioniformia, Scoleciformia . Class 2 . See also:

• OLIGOCHAETA

OLIGOCHAETA . Orders: .4phaneura, Limicolae, Moniligastres, Terricolae . Class 3 . HIRUDINAE (see See also:

• LEECH
• LEECH, JOHN (1817-1864)

LEECH) . Orders: Rhynchobdellidae, Gnathobdellidae, Acanthobdellidae . Class 4 . See also:

• MYZOSTOMIDA

MYZOSTOMIDA (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 5 . SACCOCIRRIDA .

No Orders . Class 6 . See also:

• HAPLODRILI (so called by Lankester)

HAPLODRILI (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 7 . See also:

• ECHIUROIDEA (Gr: 'xis, adder, and ovpa, tail)

EcHIUROIDEA (q.v.) . No Orders . Sub-phylum 3 . See also:

• ARTHROPODA

Arthropoda (q.v.) . Grade I . CERATOPHORA . Class' .

PERIPATIDEA (see See also:

• PERIPATUS

PERIPATUS) . No Orders . Class 2 . CHILOPODA (see See also:

• CENTIPEDE

CENTIPEDE) . Sub-class I . Pleurostigma . Orders: Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Craterostigmomorphe, Lithobiomorpha . Sub-class 2 . Notostigma . Order: Scutigeromorpha . Class 3 . DIPLOPODA (see See also:

• MILLIPEDE

MILLIPEDE) .

Sub-class I . Pselaphognatha . Order : Penicillata . Sub-class 2 . Chilognatha . Orders: Oniscomorpha, Limacomorpha, Colobognatha, Ascospermophora,Proterospermophora, Merochaeta, Opisthospermophora . Class 3 . PAUR.OPODA (see MILLIPEDE) . No Orders . Class 4 . SYMPHYLA (see MILLIPEDE) . No Orders .

Class 5 . See also:

• HEXAPODA (Gr. 4, six, and gobs, foot)

HEXAPODA (q.v.) . Sub-class' . Apterygota . Order: See also:

• APTERA (Greek for " wingless ")

Aptera . Sub-class 2 . Exopterygota . Orders: Dermaptera, See also:

• ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

Orthoptera, Pleceptera, Isoptera, Corrodentia, Ephemoptera, Odonata, See also:

• THYSANOPTERA (01m-awn, a fringe, and ae-eoov, a wing)

Thysanoptera, See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

Hemiptera, Anoplura . Sub-class 3 . Endopterygota . Orders: See also:

• NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

Neuroptera, See also:

• COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera, Mecaptera, Trichoptera, See also:

• LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera, See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera, Siphonaptera, See also:

• HYMENOPTERA
• HYMENOPTERA (Gr. bµ$v, a membrane, and irrepov, a wing)

Hymenoptera . Grade 2 .

ACERATA . Class I . See also:

• CRUSTACEA

CRUSTACEA (q.v.) . Sub-class I . See also:

• ENTOMOSTRACA

Entomostraca (q.v.) . Orders: See also:

• BRANCHIOPODA

Branchiopoda (Sub-orders: Phyllopoda, Cladocera, Branchiura), Ostracoda, Copepoda . Sub-class 2 . See also:

• THYROSTRACA

Thyrostraca (q.v.) = (Cirripedia) . No Orders . Sub-class 3 . Leptostraca . No Orders .

Sub-class 4 . See also:

• MALACOSTRACA

Malacostraca (q.v.) . Orders: Decapoda (Sub-orders: Branhyura, Mac- See also:

• AURA (from the Gr. for " breath " or " breeze ")

aura), Schizopoda (including Anaspides), Stoma- topoda, Sympoda (Cumacea), Isopoda (including Tanaidacea), Amphipoda . Class 2 . See also:

• ARACHNIDA

ARACHNIDA (q.v.) . Grade A . TRILOBITAE (see TRILOBITE) . (Orders not determined.) Grade B . NOMOMERISTICA . Sub-class I . Pantopoda . Orders: Nymphonomorpha, 4scorhynchomorpha, Pycnogonomorpha .

Sub-class 2 . Eu-Arachna . Grade a . Delobrancha (or Hydropneusta) . Orders: Xiphosura, Gigantosiraca . Grade b . Embolobranchia (or Aeropneusta) . See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

Section . Pectinifera . Order: Scorpionidea . Section . Epectinata .

Orders: See also:

• PEDIPALPI

Pedipalpi, Araneae, Palpigradi, Solifugae, Pseudoscorpiones, Podogona, Opiliones, Rhynchostomi (Atari) . Class 3 . See also:

• TARDIGRADA

TARDIGRADA (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 4 . LINGU.ATALINA (see See also:

• PENTASTOMIDA, or LINGUATULINA

PENTASTOMIDA) . No Orders . Phylum 12 . Echinoderms (see ECHINODERMS) . Branch A . PELMATOZOA . Class I .

CYSTIDEA . Orders: Amphoridea, Carpoidea, Rhombifera, Aporita, Diploporita . Class 2 . BLASTOIDEA . Divisions: Protoblastoidea, Eublastoidea . No Orders . Class 3 . CRINOIDEA . Orders: Monocyclica Inadunata, Adunata, Monocyclica Camerata, Dicyclica Inadunata, Flexibilia, Dicyclica Camerata . Class 4 . EDRIOASTEROIDEA . No Orders .

Branch B . ELEUTHEROZOA . Class I . HOLOTHUROIDEA . Orders: A s pidochirota, Dendrochirota . Class 2 . STELLIFORMIA . Sub-class 1 . Asterida . Orders: Phanerozonia, Cryptozonia . Sub-class 2 . Ophiurida .

Orders: Sireptophiurae, Zygophiurae, Cladophiurae . Class 3 . ECHINOIDEA . Orders: Bothriocidaroida, Meloniloida, Cystocidaroida, Cidaroida, Diademoida, Holectypoida, Spatangoida, Clypeastroida . Phylum 13 . See also:

• VERTEBRATA

Vertebrata (q.v.) . Sub-phylum a . See also:

• HEMICHORDA, or HEMICHORDATA

Hemichorda (q.v.) . Class . ENTEROPNEUSTA (see See also:

• BALA

BALA.NOGLOSSUS) . No Orders . Sub-phylum b .

Urochorda . Class . See also:

• TUNICATA

TUNICATA (q.v.) . Orders: Larvacea, Thaliacea (Sub-orders: Cyclomyaria, Hemimyaria), Ascidiacea (Sub-orders: A scidiae Simplices, A scidiae See also:

• COMPOSITAE

Compositae, Ascidiae Luciae) . Sub-phylum c . Cephalochorda (see AMPHIOxos) . Class . CEPHALOCHORDA . No Orders . Sub-phylum d . Craniata.I Class I . See also:

• PISCES (the fishes)

PISCES (See See also:

• ICHTHYOLOGY (from Gr. LxObs, fish, and Xoyos, doctrine or treatise)

ICHTHYOLOGY) .

Sub-class I . See also:

• CYCLOSTOMATA, or MARSIPOBRANCHII

Cyclostomata (q.v.) . Orders: Myxinoides (or Hyperotreti), Petromyzontes (or Hyperoartii) . Sub-class 2 . Selachia or Elasmobranchii (see See also:

• SELACHIANS, or ELASMOBRANCHII

SELACHIANS) . Orders: Pleuropterygii, Acanthodii, Ichthyotomi, Plagiostomi, Holocephali . Sub-class 3 . Teleostoma . Orders: Ganoidea, Crossopterygii, Dipneusii, Teleostei . Class 2 . See also:

• BATRACHIA

BATRACHIA (qv.) . Orders: Stegocephalia, Apoda (or Peromela), Caudata • (or Urodela), Ecaudata (or Anura) .

Class 3 . REPTILIA (See See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

REPTILES) . Orders: Anomodontia, Chelonia, Samopterygia, Ichthyopterygia, Rhyncocephalia, Dinosauria, Crocodilia, Ornithosauria, Squamata . Class 4 . AYES (see See also:

• BIRD

BIRD and See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ORNITHOLOGY) . Sub-class I . Archaeornithes . No Orders . Sub-class 2 . Neornithes . See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

Division I . See also:

• RATITAE (from Lat. ratis, a raft)

Ratitae .

Orders: Struthiones, Rheae, Casuariae, Apteryges, Dinornithes, Aepyornithes . Division 2 . See also:

• ODONTOLCAE

Odontolcae . No Orders . Division 3 . Carinatae . Orders: Ichthyornes, Colymbiformes, Sphenisciformes, Procellariiformes, Ciconiiformes, (Sub-orders: Steganopodes, Ardeae, Ciconiae, Phoenicopteri) . Anseriformes (Sub-orders: Palamedeae, Anseres), Falconiformes (Sub-orders: Cathartae, I Craniata may be usefully divided into 3 grades: (a) Branchiata lieterodactyla, which includes Pisces except Cyclostomes . (b) Branchiata Pentadactyla, which includes Batrachia . (c) Lipobranchia Pentadactyla, which includes Reptiles, Birds and Mammals . 1035 Accipitres), Tinamiformes, Galliformes (Sub orders: Mesites, Turnices, Galli, Opisthocomi), Gruiformes, Charadriiformes (Sub-orders: Linzicolae, Lari, Pterocles, Columbae), Cuculiformes (Sub-orders: Cucuii, Psiltaci), Coraciiformes (Sub-orders: Coraciae, Striges, Caprimulgi, Cypseli, Colii, Trogones, Rid), Passeriformes (Sub-orders: Passeres Anisomyodae, Passeres Diacromyodae) . Class 4 .

See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

MAMMALIA (q.v.) . Sub-class I . 1Vlonotremata (q.v.) (Prototheria) . No Orders . Sub-class 2 . See also:

• MARSUPIALIA
• MARSUPIALIA (from Lat. marsupium, a "pouch," or "bag")

Marsupialia (q.v.) (Metatheria) . One Order: Marsupialia . Sub-orders: Polyprotodonta, Paucituberculata, Diprotodonta . Sub-class 3 . Placentalia (See also:

• MONODELPHIA (i.e. " single uterus,"—in allusion to the fusion of at least the basal portions of this organ, and in contradistinction to their duality in the Didelphia, or Marsupialia)

Monodelphia, q.v . ; or Eutheria) . Orders: Insectivore, See also:

• CHIROPTERA (Greek for " hand-wings ")

Chiroptera, Dermoptsra, Edentate (Sub-orders: Xenarthra, Pholidota, Tubulidentata), See also:

• RODENTIA

Rodentia (Sub-orders: Duplicidentata, Simplicidentata), See also:

• TILLODONTIA

Tillodontia, See also:

• CARNIVORA

Carnivora (Sub-orders: Fissipedia, Pinnipedia, See also:

• CREODONTA

Creodonta), See also:

• CETACEA
• CETACEA (from the Gr. ,Eros, a whale)

Cetacea (Sub- orders: Archaeoceti, Odontoceti, Mystacoceti), Sirenia, See also:

• UNGULATA

Ungulata (Sub-orders: See also:

• PROBOSCIDEA (animals " with a proboscis ")

Proboscidea, See also:

• HYRACOIDEA

Hyracoidea, Barypoda, Toxcdontia, See also:

• AMBLYPODA

Amblypoda, See also:

• LITOPTERNA

Litopterna, See also:

• ANCYLOPODA, or ANCYLODACTYLA

Ancylopoda, Condylarthra, See also:

• PERISSODACTYLA (i.e. odd-toed)

Perissodactyla, See also:

• ARTIODACTYLA (from Gr. &prws, even, and SatcrVJws, a finger or toe, "even-toed")
• ARTIODACTYLA, PECORA, TYLOPODA

Artiodactyla), See also:

• PRIMATES
• PRIMATES (Lat. primas, first)

Primates (Sub-orders: Prosinziae, Anthropoidea) .

Phylum 14 . See also:

• MESOZOA

Mesozoa (q.v.) . Class I . RIIOMBOZOA . No Orders . Class 2 . ORTHONECTIDA . No Orders . Phylum 15 . See also:

• POLYZOA

Polyzoa (q.v.) . Class I . ENTOPROCTA .

No Orders . Class 2 . ECTOPROCTA . Orders: Gymnolaemata (Sub-orders: Tripostomata, Cryptostomata, Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, Cheilostomata), Phylactolaemata . Phylum 16 . See also:

• ACANTHOCEPHALA

Acanthocephala (q.v.) . Class . ACANTHOCEPIIALA . No Orders . Phylum 17 . Podaxonia . Class I .

See also:

• SIPUNCULOIDEA

SIPUNCULOIDEA (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 2 . See also:

• PRIAPULOIDEA

PRIAPULOIDEA (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 3 . See also:

• PHORONIDEA

PHORONIDEA (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 4 . PTEROBRACHIA (q.v.) . No Orders . Class 5 .

See also:

• BRACHIOPODA

BRACHIOPODA (q.v.) . Sub-class 1 . Ecardines (Inarticulata) . Orders: Atremata, Neotremata . Sub-class 2 . Testicardines (See also:

• ARTICULATA

Articulata) . Orders: Protremata, Telotremata . Phylum 18 . Gastretricha (q.v.) . Class . See also:

• GASTROTRICHA

GASTROTRICHA . Sub-orders: Ichthydina, Cepodina .

(Possibly See also:

• KINORHYNCHA

Kinorhyncha (q.v.) with only Echinoderes is to be placed here) .