GRAFFITO  , plural graffiti, the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian word meaning " scribbling " or " scratchings " (graffiare, to scribble, Gr. ypac/sew), adopted by archaeologists as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for the casual writings, See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude drawings and markings on See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings, in distinction from the more formal or deliberate writings known as " See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions." These " graffiti," either scratched on See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone or See also:

• PLASTER

plaster by a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument such as a See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail, or, more rarely, written in red See also:

• CHALK

chalk or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal, are found in See also:

• GREAT

great abundance, e.g. on the monuments of ancient See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . The best-known " graffiti " are those in See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii and in the catacombs and else-where in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . They have been collected by R . Garrucci (Graffiti di Pompei, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1856), and L . Correra (" Graffiti di See also:

• ROMA

Roma " in Bolletino della commissione municipale archaeologica, Rome, 1893; see also Corp . Ins . See also:

• LAT

Lat. iv., See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1871) . The subject See also:

• MATTER

matter of these scribblings is much the same as that of the similar scrawls made to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by boys, See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street idlers and the casual " tripper." The schoolboy of Pompeii wrote out lists of nouns and verbs, alphabets and lines from See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil for memorizing, lovers wrote the names of their beloved, " See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports-men " scribbled the names of horses they had been " tipped," and wrote those of their favourite See also:

• GLADIATORS (from Lat. gladius, sword)

gladiators . See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal abuse is frequent, and rude caricatures are found, such as that of one Peregrinus with an enormous See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, or of Naso or Nasso with hardly any . Aulus Vettius Firmus writes up his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election address and appeals to the pilicrepi or See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball-players for their votes for him as See also:

• AEDILE (Lat. aedilis)

aedile . Lines of See also:

• POETRY

poetry, chiefly suited for lovers in dejection or See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph, are popular, and See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid and See also:

• PROPERTIUS, SEXTUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)

Propertius appear to be favourites . Apparently private owners of See also:

• PROPERTY

property See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt the See also:

• NUISANCE (through Fr. noisance, nuisance, from Lat. nocere, to hurt)

nuisance of the defacement of their walls, and at Rome near the Porta Portuensis has been found an inscription begging See also:

• PEOPLE

people not to scribble (scariphare) on the walls .

Graffiti are of some importance to the palaeographer and to the philologist as illustrating the forms and corruptions of the various alphabets and See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages used by the people, and occasion-ally See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the archaeologist to the date of the See also:

• BUILDING

building on which they appear, but they are chiefly valuable for the See also:

• LIGHT

light they throw on the everyday See also:

• LIFE

life of the " See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in the street " of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and for the intimate details of customs and institutions which no literature or formal inscriptions can give . The graffiti dealing with the gladiatorial shows at Pompeii are in this respect particularly noteworthy; the rude drawings such as that of the secutor caught in the See also:

• NET

net of the retiarius and lying entirely at his See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy, give a more vivid picture of what the incidents of these shows were like than any See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in words (see Garrucci, op. cit., Pls. x.-xiv.; A . Mau, Pompeii in Leben and Kunst, 2nd ed., 1908, ch. See also:

• XXX

xxx.) . In 1866 in the Trastevere See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of Rome, near the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of S . Crisogono, was discovered the guard-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (excubitorium) of the seventh See also:

• COHORT (Lat. cohors)

cohort of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police (vigiles), the walls being covered by the scribblings of the See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, illustrating in detail the daily routine, the hardships and dangers, and the feelings of the. men towards their See also:

• OFFICERS

officers (W . Henzen," L' Escubitorio della Settima coorte dei Vigili " in See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull . Inst . 1867, and Annali Inst., 1894; see also R . Lanciani, Ancient Rome in the Light of See also:

• RECENT

Recent Discoveries, 230, and Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, 1897, 548) . The most famous graffito yet discovered is that generally accepted as representing a See also:

• CARICATURE (Ital. caricatura, i.e. "ritratto ridicolo," from caricare, to load, to charge; Fr. charge)

caricature of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ upon the See also:

• CROSS

cross, found on the walls of the Domus Gelotiana on the See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

Palatine in 1857, and now preserved in the Kircherian Museum of the Collegio Romano . Deeply scratched in the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall is a figure of a man clad in the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tunica with one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand upraised in salutation to another figure, with the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass, or possibly a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, See also:

• HANGING

hanging on a cross; beneath is written in rude See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek letters " Anaxamenos worships (his) See also:

• GOD

god." It has been suggested that this represents an adherent of some Gnostic See also:

• SECT

sect worshipping one of the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal-headed deities of Egypt (see Ferd . See also:

• BECKER, HEINRICH (1770-1822)
• BECKER, WILHELM ADOLF (1796—1846)

Becker, Das Spottcrucifix der romischen Kaiserpalaste, See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1866; F .

X . Kraus, Das Spottcrucifix vom Palatin, See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg in See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau, 1872; and See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti and Lanciani, Guida del Palatino) . There is an interesting See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, with many quotations of graffiti, in the See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1859, vol. cx . (C .